Unification-Based Parsing Applications for Intelligent Foreign Language Tutoring Systems
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.v12i2-3.5-31Keywords:
NLP, parsing, foreign language education, intelligent tutoring, French, unification, OOP, HPSGAbstract
This paper is a description of a computer based intelligent tutoring system for French as a second language, and of its ancillary grammar editor, which is built on an object oriented, unification-based natural language processor. First I review some of the considerations that motivate using intelligent tutoring systems in second language education. Second, I discuss the details of object oriented programming and unification grammar. Third, I give some examples of how this software interacts with students and of what sort of grammatical phenomena it is capable of handling. I will show how the parser straightforwardly handles some thorny problems of complex grammatical structures (e.g. conjunctions; reflexive binding; phrase embedding; dislocated, missing, or superfluous parts of speech) which have had an inhibitory effect on CALL parsing applications in the past.
References
Allen, J. (1995). Natural Language Understanding (2nd Ed.). Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.
Carpenter, B. (1991). “The Generative Power of Categorial Grammars and Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammars with Lexical Rules.” Computational Linguistics 17, 3, 301-313.
Charniak, E., and D. McDermott (1985). Introduction to Artificial Intelligence. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Chomsky, N. (1986). Knowledge of Language. New York: Praeger.
Daelemans, W., and G. Gazdar (1992). “Inheritance in Natural Language Processing.” Computational Linguistics 18, 2, 205-218.
Dalrymple, M. (1993). The Syntax of Anaphoric Binding. Stanford: CSLI.
Eckman, F. (1994). “Local and Long Distance Anaphora in Second Language Acquisition.” Research Methodology in Second-Language Acquisition, edited by E. Tarone, S. Gass, and A. Cohen, 207-225. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Fisher, A. (1989). “Practical Parsing of Generalized Phrase Structure Grammars.” Computational Linguistics 15, 3, 139-148.
Gazdar, G. (1982). “Phrase Structure Grammar.” The Nature of Syntactic Representation, edited by P. Jacobson and G. Pullum, 131-186. Dordrecht: Reidel.
______., E. Klein, G. Pullum, and I. Sag (1985). Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
______. and G. Pullum (1981). “Subcategorization, Constituent Order, and the Notion Head.” The Scope of Lexical Rules, edited by M. H. Moortgat, H. van der Hulst, and T. Hoekstra, 107-123. Dordrecht: Foris.
Germain, E. (1992). “Introducing Natural Language Processing.” AI Expert 7, 8, 30-35.
Haas, A. (1989). “A Parsing Algorithm for Unification Grammar.” Computational Linguistics 15, 4, 219-232.
Hagen, L. K. (1994). “Constructs and Measurement in Parameter Models of Second Language Acquisition.” Research Methodology in Second-Language Acquisition, edited by E. Tarone, S. Gass, and A. Cohen, 61-87. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
______. (1992). “Reasonably Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Higher Order Language Skills.” EXPERSYS-92, edited by F. Attia, A. Flory, S. Hashemi, G. Gouardères, and J. P. Marciano, 53-58. Gournay sur Marne: IITT International.
Keller, B. (1993). Feature Logics, Infinitary Descriptions, and Grammar. Stanford: CSLI.
Labrie, G., and L. P. S. Singh (1991). “Parsing, Error Diagnostics, and Instruction in a French Tutor.” CALICO Journal 9, 1, 9-25.
Leech, G. (1986). “Automatic Grammatical Analysis and Its Educational Applications.” Computers in English Language Teaching and Research, edited by G. Leech and C. Candlin, 205-217. New York: Longman.
Loritz, D. (1992). “Generalized Transition Network Parsing for Language Study: the GPARS System for English, Russian, Japanese, and Chinese.” CALICO Journal 10, 1, 5-22.
Marty, F. (1984). “Computer-Aided Instruction: Language Teachers and the Man of the Year.” Initiatives in Communicative Language Teaching: A Book of Readings, edited by S. Savignon and M. Berns, 155-165. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Mullen, D. C. (1989). “Technological Convergence Under Windows: An Introduction to Object Oriented Programming.” CALICO Journal 7, 2, 13-23.
Newmeyer, F. (1983). Grammatical Theory: Its Limits and Its Possibilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Norvig, P. (1992). Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
Pollard, C. (1984). Generalized Phrase Structure Grammars, Head Grammars, and Natural Language, Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University.
Pollard, C., and I. Sag (1994). Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
______. (1987). Information-Based Syntax and Semantics. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
______. (1983). “Reflexives and Reciprocals in English: An Alternative to the Binding Theory.” Proceedings of the West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, edited by M. Barton, D. Flickenger, and M. Westcott, 189-203. Stanford: Stanford Linguistics Association.
Russell, G., J. Carrol, A. Ballim, and S. Warwick-Armstrong (1992). “A Practical Approach to Multiple Default Inheritance for Unification-Based Lexicons.” Computational Linguistics 18, 3, 311-337.
Sampson, G. (1986). “Transition Network for Computer-Assisted Language Learning.” Computers in English Language Teaching and Research, edited by G. Leech and C. Candlin, 150-167. New York: Longman.
Sells, P., A. Zaenen., and D. Zec (1987). “Reflexivization Variations: Relations Between Syntax, Semantics, and Lexical Structure.” Working Papers in Grammatical Theory and Discourse Structure, edited by M. Iida, S. Wechsler, and D. Zec, 169-238. Stanford: CSLI.
Seneff, S. (1992). “TINA: A Natural Language System for Spoken Language Applications.” Computational Linguistics 18, 1, 61-86.
Zahedi, F. (1993). Intelligent Systems for Business: Expert Systems with Neural Networks. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Zajac, R. (1992). “Inheritance and Constraint-Based Grammar Formalisms.” Computational Linguistics 18, 2, 159-182.
Carpenter, B. (1991). “The Generative Power of Categorial Grammars and Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammars with Lexical Rules.” Computational Linguistics 17, 3, 301-313.
Charniak, E., and D. McDermott (1985). Introduction to Artificial Intelligence. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Chomsky, N. (1986). Knowledge of Language. New York: Praeger.
Daelemans, W., and G. Gazdar (1992). “Inheritance in Natural Language Processing.” Computational Linguistics 18, 2, 205-218.
Dalrymple, M. (1993). The Syntax of Anaphoric Binding. Stanford: CSLI.
Eckman, F. (1994). “Local and Long Distance Anaphora in Second Language Acquisition.” Research Methodology in Second-Language Acquisition, edited by E. Tarone, S. Gass, and A. Cohen, 207-225. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Fisher, A. (1989). “Practical Parsing of Generalized Phrase Structure Grammars.” Computational Linguistics 15, 3, 139-148.
Gazdar, G. (1982). “Phrase Structure Grammar.” The Nature of Syntactic Representation, edited by P. Jacobson and G. Pullum, 131-186. Dordrecht: Reidel.
______., E. Klein, G. Pullum, and I. Sag (1985). Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
______. and G. Pullum (1981). “Subcategorization, Constituent Order, and the Notion Head.” The Scope of Lexical Rules, edited by M. H. Moortgat, H. van der Hulst, and T. Hoekstra, 107-123. Dordrecht: Foris.
Germain, E. (1992). “Introducing Natural Language Processing.” AI Expert 7, 8, 30-35.
Haas, A. (1989). “A Parsing Algorithm for Unification Grammar.” Computational Linguistics 15, 4, 219-232.
Hagen, L. K. (1994). “Constructs and Measurement in Parameter Models of Second Language Acquisition.” Research Methodology in Second-Language Acquisition, edited by E. Tarone, S. Gass, and A. Cohen, 61-87. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
______. (1992). “Reasonably Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Higher Order Language Skills.” EXPERSYS-92, edited by F. Attia, A. Flory, S. Hashemi, G. Gouardères, and J. P. Marciano, 53-58. Gournay sur Marne: IITT International.
Keller, B. (1993). Feature Logics, Infinitary Descriptions, and Grammar. Stanford: CSLI.
Labrie, G., and L. P. S. Singh (1991). “Parsing, Error Diagnostics, and Instruction in a French Tutor.” CALICO Journal 9, 1, 9-25.
Leech, G. (1986). “Automatic Grammatical Analysis and Its Educational Applications.” Computers in English Language Teaching and Research, edited by G. Leech and C. Candlin, 205-217. New York: Longman.
Loritz, D. (1992). “Generalized Transition Network Parsing for Language Study: the GPARS System for English, Russian, Japanese, and Chinese.” CALICO Journal 10, 1, 5-22.
Marty, F. (1984). “Computer-Aided Instruction: Language Teachers and the Man of the Year.” Initiatives in Communicative Language Teaching: A Book of Readings, edited by S. Savignon and M. Berns, 155-165. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Mullen, D. C. (1989). “Technological Convergence Under Windows: An Introduction to Object Oriented Programming.” CALICO Journal 7, 2, 13-23.
Newmeyer, F. (1983). Grammatical Theory: Its Limits and Its Possibilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Norvig, P. (1992). Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
Pollard, C. (1984). Generalized Phrase Structure Grammars, Head Grammars, and Natural Language, Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University.
Pollard, C., and I. Sag (1994). Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
______. (1987). Information-Based Syntax and Semantics. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
______. (1983). “Reflexives and Reciprocals in English: An Alternative to the Binding Theory.” Proceedings of the West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, edited by M. Barton, D. Flickenger, and M. Westcott, 189-203. Stanford: Stanford Linguistics Association.
Russell, G., J. Carrol, A. Ballim, and S. Warwick-Armstrong (1992). “A Practical Approach to Multiple Default Inheritance for Unification-Based Lexicons.” Computational Linguistics 18, 3, 311-337.
Sampson, G. (1986). “Transition Network for Computer-Assisted Language Learning.” Computers in English Language Teaching and Research, edited by G. Leech and C. Candlin, 150-167. New York: Longman.
Sells, P., A. Zaenen., and D. Zec (1987). “Reflexivization Variations: Relations Between Syntax, Semantics, and Lexical Structure.” Working Papers in Grammatical Theory and Discourse Structure, edited by M. Iida, S. Wechsler, and D. Zec, 169-238. Stanford: CSLI.
Seneff, S. (1992). “TINA: A Natural Language System for Spoken Language Applications.” Computational Linguistics 18, 1, 61-86.
Zahedi, F. (1993). Intelligent Systems for Business: Expert Systems with Neural Networks. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Zajac, R. (1992). “Inheritance and Constraint-Based Grammar Formalisms.” Computational Linguistics 18, 2, 159-182.
Downloads
Published
2013-01-14
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Hagen, L. K. (2013). Unification-Based Parsing Applications for Intelligent Foreign Language Tutoring Systems. CALICO Journal, 12(2-3), 5-31. https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.v12i2-3.5-31
