L2 learners’ engagement with high stakes listening tests: Does technology have a beneficial role to play?

Authors

  • Martin East
  • Chris King

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11139/cj.29.2.208-223

Keywords:

listening, assessment, technology, scaffolding

Abstract

In the listening component of the IELTS examination candidates hear the input once, delivered at ‘normal’ speed.  This format for listening can be problematic for test takers who often perceive normal speed input to be too fast for effective comprehension.  The study reported here investigated whether using computer software to slow down the tempo of listening input, without reducing its pitch, makes a difference to test takers in ‘once only’ tests, measured by both their performance in and their perceptions of the test.  In an independent groups design participants (n = 120) took tests reduced in tempo by various amounts.  It was found that slower speed input led to increases in performance.  The slower the speed of delivery the less likely the participants were to perceive the test as difficult and the less speed became an issue.  Although it is unlikely that this technology will lead language testers to modify high-stakes listening test procedures, we conclude that the facility to slow down tempo using freely available technology may be beneficial in classroom and self-directed study contexts as a scaffolding measure as students get used to ‘once only at normal speed’ listening scenarios or prepare for high-stakes tests.

References

Alderson, J. C., & Wall, D. (1993). Does washback exist? Applied Linguistics, 14(2), 115-129.

Arnold, J. (2000). Seeing through listening comprehension exam anxiety. TESOL Quarterly, 34(4), 777-786.

Bachman, L. F. (1990). Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Bachman, L. F., & Palmer, A. S. (1996). Language testing in practice: Designing & developing useful language tests. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Bailey, K. M. (1999). Washback in language testing [TOEFL Monograph Series]. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

Blau, E. K. (1990). The effect of syntax, speed, & pauses on listening comprehension. TESOL Quarterly, 24, 746-753.

British Council. (2009). The world's leading English test celebrates twenty years of growth. Brussels: British Council.

Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983). Teaching the spoken language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Brown, S., & Menasche, L. (1993, April). Authenticity in materials design. Paper presented at the International TESOL Convention, Atlanta, Georgia.

Buck, G. (1988). Testing listening comprehension in Japanese university entrance examinations. JALT Journal, 10(1), 15-42.

Buck, G. (2001). Assessing listening. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Cervantes, R. (1983). Say it again Sam: The effect of exact repetition on listening comprehension. Unpublished manuscript, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu.

Chang, A. C.-S., & Read, J. (2006). The effects of listening support on the listening performance of EFL learners. TESOL Quarterly, 40(2), 375-397.

Chaudron, C. (1983). Simplification of input: Topic reinstatements & their effects on L2 learners' recognition & recall. TESOL Quarterly, 17(3), 437-458.

Council of Europe. (2001). Common European framework of reference for languages. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Díaz-Rico, L. T., & Weed, K. Z. (2002). The crosscultural, language, & academic development handbook: A complete K-12 reference guide (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Elkhafaifi, H. (2005). Listening comprehension and anxiety in the Arabic language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, 89, 206–220.

Field, J. (2000). ‘Not waving but drowning’: A reply to Tony Ridgeway. ELT Journal, 54(2), 186–195.

Flowerdew, J., & Miller, L. (2005). Second language listening: Theory & practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Goh, C. (1999). How much do learners know about the factors that influence their listening comprehension? Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics, 4(1), 17-41.

Graham, S. (2006). Listening comprehension: The learners' perspective. System, 34, 165-182.

Griffiths, R. (1990). Speech rate & NNS comprehension. A preliminary study in time-benefit analysis. Language Learning, 40, 311-336.

Griffiths, R. (1991). Speech rate & listening comprehension. Further evidence of the relationship. TESOL Quarterly, 25, 230-235.

Hasan, A. (2000). Learners’ perceptions of listening comprehension problems. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 13(2), 137-153.

Hayes, B., & Read, J. (2004). IELTS test preparation in New Zealand: Preparing students for the IELTS academic module. In L. Cheng, Y. Watanabe & A. Curtis (Eds.), Washback in language testing: Research, contexts and methods (pp. 97-111). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Inside Higher Ed. (2006). Taking on TOEFL. Retrieved 5th October 2009 from http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/08/07/ielts

Jones Vogely, A. (1998). Listening comprehension anxiety: Students’ reported sources and solutions. Foreign Language Annals, 31(1), 67-80.

Messick, S. (1996). Validity and washback in language testing. Language Testing, 13(3), 241-256.

Morrow, K. (1991). Evaluating communicative tests. In S. Anivan (Ed.), Current developments in language testing (pp. 111-118). Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.

Nunan, D. (2004). Task-based language teaching. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Rader, K. E. (1991). The effect of three different levels of word rate on the listening comprehension of third-quarter university Spanish learners. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University (University Microfilms No. 91-05, 192).

Rost, M. (2005). L2 listening. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second language teaching & learning (pp. 503-527). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Sueyoshi, A., & Hardison, D. M. (2005). The role of gestures and facial cues in second language listening comprehension. Language Learning, 55(4), 661-699.

UCLES. (2007). Cambridge IELTS 6. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Vandergrift, L. (2007). Recent developments in second and foreign language listening comprehension research. Language Teaching, 40(1), 191-210.

Vogely, A. J. (1998). Listening comprehension anxiety: Students’ reported sources and solutions. Foreign Language Annals, 31(1), 67-80.

Wiggins, G. (1989). A true test: Towards more authentic & equitable assessment. Phi Delta Kappan, 70(9), 703-713.

Zhao, Y. (1997). The effects of listeners’ control of speech rate on second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 18(1), 49-68.

Downloads

Published

2013-01-14

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

East, M., & King, C. (2013). L2 learners’ engagement with high stakes listening tests: Does technology have a beneficial role to play?. CALICO Journal, 29(2), 208-223. https://doi.org/10.11139/cj.29.2.208-223

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >>