English Language Learners’ Strategies for Reading Computer-Based Texts at Home and in School

Authors

  • Ho-Ryong Park Murray State University
  • Deoksoon Kim Lynch School of Education, Boston College

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.v33i3.26552

Keywords:

ELLs’ Reading of Computer-Based Texts, ELLs’ Reading Strategies, Electronic Literacies, Hybrid Reading and Learning, Multidimensional ZPD

Abstract

This study investigated four elementary-level English language learners’ (ELLs’) use of strategies for reading computer-based texts at home and in school. The ELLs in this study were in the fourth and fifth grades in a public elementary school. We identify the ELLs’ strategies for reading computer-based texts in home and school environments. We present a taxonomy of five reading-strategy categories, which includes 15 total strategies that they pursued at home and in school. We describe the central role of dialogue in helping ELLs learn to read computer-based texts: The learners engaged in real and virtual dialogues with adults, peers, authors, and themselves, in ways that enhanced their development of effective reading strategies. We discuss pedagogical implications of our findings, describing how parents and teachers might work separately and together to facilitate ELLs’ reading in today’s learning contexts that include electronic literacies.

Author Biographies

  • Ho-Ryong Park, Murray State University
    Ho-Ryong Park is Assistant Professor of Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) in the Department of English and Philosophy at Murray State University. His research interests focus on TESOL/ESOL education, second language and literacy acquisition, and technology incorporation in diverse learning contexts.
  • Deoksoon Kim, Lynch School of Education, Boston College
    Deoksoon Kim is Associate Professor in the Department of Teaching and Learning at the University of South Florida. Her research focuses on second language literacy, sociocultural theory in language learning, and incorporating instructional technologies into teacher education through social media. She has published in Computers and Education, Language Learning Journal, TESOL Journal, CALICO Journal, IALLT Journal, English Leadership Quarterly, Journal of Reading Education, Journal of Educational Computing Research, and Multilingual Education, among others. She has done research, teaching, and professional development in South Korea, the UK, Canada, and the USA.

References

ACTFL. (2012). ACTFL proficiency guidelines 2012. Retrieved from http://www.actfl.org/publications/guidelines-and-manuals/actfl-proficiency-guidelines-2012/english

Afflerbach, P., & Cho, B. Y. (2008). Identifying and describing constructively responsive comprehension strategies in new and traditional forms of reading. In S. Israel & G. Duffy (Eds.), Handbook of reading comprehension research (pp. 69–90). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Akbulut, Y. (2007). Effects of multimedia annotations on incidental vocabulary learning and reading comprehension of advanced learners of English as a foreign language. Instructional Science, 35(6), 499–517. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11251-007-9016-7

Al-Seghayer, K. (2001). The effect of multimedia annotation modes on L2 vocabulary acquisition: A comparative study. Language Learning & Technology, 5(11), 202–232.

Anstey, M., & Bull, G. (2006). Teaching and learning multiliteracies: Changing times, changing literacies. Newark, DE: International Reading Association.

Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays by M. M. Bakhtin (C. Emerson & M. Holquist, Trans.). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

Bakhtin, M. M. (1986). Speech genres and other late essays (V. W. McGee, Trans.). Austin, TX: University of Press. (Original work published 1979)

Bannert, M., & Reimann, P. (2012). Supporting self-regulated hypermedia learning through prompts. Instructional Science, 40(1), 193–211. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11251-011-9167-4

Beatty, K. (2010). Teaching and researching: Computer-assisted language learning (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.

Becker, H. J., & Ravitz, J. (1999). The influence of computer and Internet use on teachers’ pedagogical practice and perceptions. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 31(4), 356–384. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08886504.1999.10782260

Berkeley, S., Marshak, L., Mastropieri, M. A., & Scruggs, T. E. (2011). Improving student comprehension of social studies text: A self-questioning strategy for inclusive middle school classes. Remedial and Special Education, 32(2), 105–113. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741932510361261

Blanchard, J. (1997). The family–school connection and technology. Proceedings of the Families, Technologies, and Education Conference. Retrieved from http://ceep.crc.uiuc.edu/eecearchive/books/fte/links/blanchard.html

Carrell, P. L., & Eisterhold, J. C. (1983). Schema theory and ESL reading pedagogy. TESOL Quarterly, 17(4), 553–573. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3586613

Chatel, R. (2002). New technology, new literacy: Creating a bridge for English language learners. New England Reading Association Journal, 38(3), 45–49.

Chen, M., Ferdig, R., & Wood, A. (2003). Understanding technology-enhanced storybooks and their roles in teaching and learning: An investigation of electronic storybooks in education. Journal of Literacy and Technology, 3. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard_Ferdig/publication/249725276_Understanding_technology-enhanced_storybooks_and_their_roles_in_teaching_and_learning_An_investigation_of_electronic_storybooks_in_education/links/00b7d52af9d434089a000000.pdf

Cho, B.-Y. (2013). Adolescents’ constructively responsive reading strategy use in a critical Internet reading task. Reading Research Quarterly, 48(4), 329–332. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rrq.49

Cho, B.-Y., & Afflerbach, P. (2015). Reading on the Internet: Realizing and constructing potential texts. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 58(6), 504–517. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jaal.387

Chou, I.-C. (2012). Understanding on-screen reading behaviors in academic contexts: A case study of five graduate English-as-a-second-language students. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 25(5), 411–433. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2011.597768

Chun, D. M., & Plass, J. L. (1996). Effects of multimedia annotations on vocabulary acquisition. Modern Language Journal, 80(2), 183–198. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1996.tb01159.x

Cohen, A. D. (2011). Second language learner strategies. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (pp. 563–579). New York, NY: Routledge.

Coiro, J. (2003). Exploring literacy on the Internet. The Reading Teacher, 56(5), 458–464.

Coiro, J. (2011). Predicting reading comprehension on the Internet: Contributions of offline reading skills, online reading skills, and prior knowledge. Journal of Literacy Research, 43(4), 352–392. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1086296X11421979

Coiro, J., & Dobler, E. (2007). Exploring the online reading comprehension strategies used by sixth-grade skilled readers to search for and locate information on the Internet. Reading Research Quarterly, 42(2), 214–257. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.42.2.2

Cummins, J. (1991). Interdependence of first- and second-language proficiency in bilingual children. In E. Bialystok (Ed.), Language processing in bilingual children (pp. 70–89). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620652.006

Cummins, J. (2011). Literacy engagement: Fueling academic growth for English learners. The Reading Teacher, 65(2), 142–146. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/TRTR.01022

Davey, B., & McBride, S. (1986). Effects of question-generation training on reading comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 256–262. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.78.4.256

Dillon, P. M., & Leonard, D. C. (1998). Multimedia and the Web from A to Z (2nd ed.). Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.

Elshair, H. M. (2002). The strategies used by students to read educational websites and their relation to website usability and text design (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Pittsburgh, PA.

Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1993). Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Eskey, D. E. (2005). Reading in a second language. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (pp. 563–579). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Fitzgerald, J. (1995). English-as-a-second-language learners’ cognitive reading processes: A review of research in the United States. Review of Educational Research, 65(2), 145–190. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00346543065002145

Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York, NY: Continuum International.

Gambrell, L. B. (2011). Seven rules of engagement: What’s most important to know about motivation to read. The Reading Teacher, 65(3), 172–178. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/TRTR.01024

Garris, R., Ahlers, R., & Driskell, J. E. (2002). Games, motivation, and learning: A research and practice model. Simulation & Gaming, 33(4), 441–467. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046878102238607

Goodman, K. (1984). Unity in reading. In A. Purves & O. Niles (Eds.), Becoming readers in a complex society: 83rd yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education (pp. 79–114). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hartman, D. K. (1995). Eight readers reading: The intertextual links of proficient readers reading multiple passages. Reading Research Quarterly, 30(3), 520–561. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/747631

Heller, R. S. (1990). The role of hypermedia in education: A look at the research issues. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 22(4), 431–441. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08886504.1990.10781932

Hsieh, P., & Dwyer, F. (2009). The instructional effect of online reading strategies and learning styles on student academic achievement. Educational Technology & Society, 12(2), 36–50.

Huang, H. (2013). Online reading strategies at work: What teachers think and what students do. ReCALL, 25(3), 340–358. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0958344013000153

Huang, H., Chern, C., & Lin, C. (2009). EFL learners’ use of online reading strategies and comprehension of texts: An exploratory study. Computers & Education, 52(1), 13–26. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.06.003

Jacobs, G. M., Dufon, P., & Hong, C. H. (1994). L1 and L2 vocabulary glosses in L2 reading passages: Their effectiveness for increasing comprehension and vocabulary knowledge. Journal of Research in Reading, 17(1), 19–28. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.1994.tb00049.x

Kellner, D. (2001). New technologies/new literacies: Reconstructing education for the new millennium. Teaching Education, 11(3), 245–265. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713698975

Kim, D. (2011). Dialogic meaning construction and emergent reading domains among four young English language learners in second-language reading. Multilingual Education, 1, Article 2. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2191-5059-1-2

Kohl, G. O., Lengua, L. J., & McMahon, R. J. (2000). Parental involvement in school: Conceptualizing multiple dimensions and their relations with family and demographic risk factors. Journal of School Psychology, 38(6), 501–523. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4405(00)00050-9

Kommers, P. A. M., Grabinger, S., & Dunlap, J. C. (1996). Hypermedia learning environments: Instructional design and integration. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Kuiper, E., Volman, M., & Terwel, J. (2005). The web as an information resource in K–12 education: Strategies for supporting students in searching and processing information. Review of Educational Research, 75(3), 285–328. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00346543075003285

Lau, K. (2006). Reading strategy use between Chinese good and poor readers: A think-aloud study. Journal of Research in Reading, 29(4), 383–399. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2006.00302.x

Lawson, M. A. (2003). School–family relations in context: Parent and teacher perceptions of parent involvement. Urban Education, 38(1), 77–133. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085902238687

Lee, J. (2006). Exploring the relationship between electronic literacy and heritage language maintenance. Language Learning & Technology, 10(2), 93–113.

Lee, O., & Buxton, C. A. (2010). Diversity and equity in science education: Research, policy, and practice. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.

Lee, S., & Chae, Y. (2007). Children’s Internet use in a family context: Influence on family relationships and parental mediation. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 640–644. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9975

Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Liu, M., Navarrete, C. C., & Wivagg, J. (2014). Potentials of mobile technology for K–12 education: An investigation of iPod touch use for English language learners in the United States. Educational Technology & Society, 17(2), 115–126.

Livingstone, S., & Bober, M. (2004). UK children go online: Surveying the experiences of young people and their parents. LSE Research Online. Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/395/

Loeb, M. (2002). Literacy marriage: A study of intertextuality in a series of short stories by Joyce Carol Oates. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang.

Martin, E. J., & Hagan-Burke, S. (2002). Establishing a home–school connection: Strengthening the partnership between families and schools. Preventing School Failure, 46(2), 62–65. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10459880209603347

McKnight, C., Dillon, A., & Richardson, J. (1996). User-centered design of hypertext/hypermedia for education. In D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research for educational communications and technology (pp. 622–633). New York, NY: Macmillan Library Reference.

McNabb, M., Hassel, B., & Steiner, L. (2002). Literacy learning on the Net: An exploratory study. Reading Online. Retrieved from http://www.readingonline.org/articles/art_index.asp?HREF=mcnabb/index.html

McPherson, K. (2005). Reading the Internet. Teacher Librarian, 32(5), 60–61.

Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education: Revised and expanded from case study research in education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Myers, D. (1990). Computer game genres. Play & Culture, 3, 286–301.

Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524759

Oakhill, J., & Cain, K. (2007). Issues of causality in children’s reading comprehension. In D. S. McNamara (Ed.), Reading comprehension strategies: Theories, interventions, and technologies (pp. 47–71), New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum.

O’Malley, J. M., & Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524490

Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. New York, NY: Newbury House.

Oxford, R. L., & Crookall, D. (1989). Research on language learning strategies: Methods, findings, and instructional issues. Modern Language Journal, 73(4), 404–419. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1989.tb05321.x

Park, H.-R. (2012). Four English language learners’ experiences and strategy use in learning environments of multiliteracies (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of South Florida, FL.

Park, H.-R., & Helsel, C. (2008). Differences between reading electronic and book-based text: Suggestions and implications for literacy teachers and literacy teacher educators. Journal of Reading Education, 33(3), 28–31.

Park, H.-R., & Kim, D. (2011). Reading-strategy use by English as a second language learners in online reading tasks. Computers & Education, 57(3), 2156–2166. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.05.014

Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Perez, B. (1998). Sociocultural contexts of language and literacy. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Pintrich, P. R. (2004). A conceptual framework for assessing motivation and self-regulated learning in college students. Educational Psychology Review, 16(4), 385–407. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-004-0006-x

Richards, J. C., & Anderson, N. A. (2003). How do you know? A strategy to help emergent readers make inferences. The Reading Teacher, 57(3), 290–294.

Rogers, R. R. H., & Wright, V. H. (2008). Assessing technology’s role in communication between parents and middle schools. Electronic Journal for the Integration of Technology in Education, 7, 36–58.

Roschelle, J. M., Pea, R. D., Hoadley, C. M., Gordin, D. N., & Means, B. M. (2000). Changing how and what children learn in school with computer-based technologies. The Future of Children, 10(2), 76–101. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1602690

Rosenblatt, L. M. (1978). The reader, the text, the poem: The transactional theory of the literary work. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

Rosenblatt, L. M. (1982). The literacy transaction: Evocation and response. Theory into Practice, 21(4), 268–277. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405848209543018

Rosenblatt, L. M. (1986). The aesthetic transaction. The Journal of Aesthetic Education, 20(4), 122–128. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3332615

Rosenshine, B., Meister, C., & Chapman, S. (1996). Teaching students to generate questions: A review of the intervention studies. Review of Educational Research, 66(2), 181–221. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00346543066002181

Rosenthal, D. M., & Sawyers, J. Y. (1996). Building successful home/school partnerships: Strategies for parent support and involvement. Childhood Education, 72(4), 194–200. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00094056.1996.10522652

Rossing, J. P., Miller, W. M., Cecil, A. K., & Stamper, S. E. (2012). iLearning: The future of higher education? Student perceptions on learning with mobile tablets. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 12(2), 1–26.

Rossman, G. B., & Rallis, S. F. (2012). Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Rumelhart, D. E. (1980). Schemata: The building blocks of cognition. In R. J. Spiro, B. C. Bruce, & W. F. Brewer (Eds.), Theoretical issues in reading comprehension: Perspectives from cognitive psychology, linguistics, artificial intelligence, and education (pp. 33–58). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Sandberg, K. E. (2013). Hypertext: Its nature and challenges for college students. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 44(1), 51–71. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10790195.2013.10850372

Scheiter, K., Gerjets, P., & Heise, E. (2014). Distraction during learning with hypermedia: Difficult tasks help to keep task goals on track. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–12. Retrived from http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00268

Serafini, F. (2010). Reading multimodal texts: Perceptual, structural and ideological perspectives. Children’s Literature in Education, 41(2), 85–104. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10583-010-9100-5

Serafini, F. (2012). Reading multimodal texts in the 21st century. Research in the Schools, 19(1), 26–32.

Shamir, A., & Korat, O. (2007). Developing an educational e-book for fostering kindergarten children’s emergent literacy. Computers in the Schools, 24(1/2), 125–143. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J025v24n01_09

Shang, H.-F., & Chang-Chien, I.-J. (2010). The effect of self-questioning strategy on EFL learners’ reading comprehension development. International Journal of Learning, 17(2), 41–54.

Simpson, J. (2005). Learning electronic literacy skills in an online language learning community. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 18(4), 327–435.

Solomon, G., & Schrum, L. (2010). Web 2.0: How-to for educators. Eugene, OR: International Society for Technology in Education.

Stewart, R. A., & Cross, T. L. (1991). The effect of marginal glosses on reading comprehension and retention. Journal of Reading, 35, 4–12.

Thomas, P. (2014). A case study of using a hypermedia pedagogy in a secondary English classroom. English in Australia, 49(1), 53–62.

Topping, K. J. (1997). Electronic literacy in school and home: A look into the future. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED416437.pdf

Tsai, Y.-R., Ernst, C., & Talley, P. C. (2010). L1 and L2 strategy use in reading comprehension of Chinese EFL readers. Reading Psychology, 31(1), 1–29. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02702710802412081

Türk, E., & Erçetin, G. (2014). Effects of interactive versus simultaneous display of multimedia glosses on L2 reading comprehension and incidental vocabulary learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 27(1), 1–25. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2012.692384

Van den Bulck, J., & Van den Bergh, B. (2000). The influence of perceived parental guidance patterns on children’s media use: Gender differences and media displacement. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44(3), 329–348. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4403_1

Wallace, R. M., Kupperman, J., Krajcik, J., & Soloway, E. (2000). Science on the web: Students online in a sixth-grade classroom. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 9(1), 75–104. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327809jls0901_5

Warschauer, M. (1999). Electronic literacies: Language, culture, and power in online education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Warschauer, M. (2002). A developmental perspective on technology in language education. TESOL Quarterly, 36(3), 453–475. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3588421

Warschauer, M., & Matuchniak, T. (2010). New technology and digital worlds: Analyzing evidence of equity in access, use, and outcomes. Review of Research in Education, 34(1), 179–225. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0091732X09349791

Wilson, N. S., & Smetana, L. (2011). Questioning as thinking: A metacognitive framework to improve comprehension of expository text. Literacy, 45(2), 84–90. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4369.2011.00584.x

Windschitl, M., & Sahl, K. (2002). Tracing teachers’ use of technology in a laptop computer school: The interplay of teacher beliefs, social dynamics, and institutional culture. American Educational Research Journal, 39(1), 165–205. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00028312039001165

Zenotz, V. (2012). Awareness development for online reading. Language Awareness, 21(1/2), 85–100. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2011.639893

Zhang, M. (2013). Supporting middle school students’ online reading of scientific resources: Moving beyond cursory, fragmented, and opportunistic reading. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 29(2), 138–152. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2012.00478.x

Zimmerman, B. J., & Schunk, D. H. (2011). Self-regulated learning and performance: An introduction and an overview. In B. J. Zimmerman & D. H. Schunk (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation of learning and performance (pp. 1–12). New York, NY: Routledge.

Downloads

Published

2016-08-26

Issue

Section

Spotlight

How to Cite

Park, H.-R., & Kim, D. (2016). English Language Learners’ Strategies for Reading Computer-Based Texts at Home and in School. CALICO Journal, 33(3), 380–409. https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.v33i3.26552

Most read articles by the same author(s)