Investigating Religious “Identity”

the promise and problem of discourse analytic methods for religious studies inquiries

Authors

  • Kate Power University of British Columbia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.v8i1.7

Keywords:

identity, religion, linguistics, research methods, Membership Categorization Analysis, stance analysis

Abstract

This article describes a fieldwork case study which integrates religious studies with various discourse analytic methods, to examine how contemporary Christian identities are represented in conversation. Based on interviews and focus groups with 46 residents of a small town in rural Canada, this research is primarily concerned with religious talk – in particular, with the “social practice” (Fairclough and Wodak, 1997: 258) of “talking [religious] identity” (Hadden and Lester, 1978). In this article, I will review briefly how “identity” is conceptualized in contemporary discourse analysis studies, before describing both the challenge of selecting appropriate linguistic methods for the investigation of religious identity, and the impact upon my research of adopting particular methods.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Kate Power, University of British Columbia

    Dr Kate Power holds a PhD in Applied Linguistics from Lancaster University (UK) and a Masters degree in Christian Studies from Regent College (Canada). She teaches Arts Studies in Research and Writing at the University of British Columbia, with a focus on religion and international development.

References

Abell, Jackie and Greg Myers. 2008. “Analyzing Research Interviews,” in Ruth Wodak and Micha? Krzy?anowski, eds, Qualitative Discourse Analysis in the Social Sciences. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 145–61.

Althusser, Louis. 2001 [1970]. “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation,”in Lenin and Philosophy and other essays. New York: Monthly Review Press, 85–126.

Ammerman, Nancy T. 2003. “Religious Identities and Religious Institutions,” in M. Dillon, ed., Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807961.016

Ammerman, Nancy T. 2007. “Studying Everday Religion: Challenges for the Future,” in Nancy T. Ammerman, ed., Everyday Religion: Observing Modern Religious Lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305418.003.0013

Anonymous. 2001. “Community Profiles,” Catalogue no.: 93F0053XIE Statistics Canada.

Antaki, Charles. 1998. “Identity Ascriptions in their Time and Place: ‘Fagin’ and ‘The Terminally Dim’,” in Charles Antaki and Sue Widdicombe, eds, Identities in Talk. London: Sage, 71–86.

Antaki, Charles, and Sue Widdicombe. 1998. “Identity as an Achievement and as a Tool,” in Charles Antaki and Sue Widdicombe, eds, Identities in Talk. London: Sage, 1–14.

Arjouch, Kristine J., and Abdi M. Kusnow. 2007. “Racial and Religious Contexts: Situational Identities among Lebanese and Somali Muslim Immigrants,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30.1, 72–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870601006553

Atkinson, J. Maxwell, and John Heritage. 1984. Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Baker, Carolyn D. 2004. “Membership Categorization and Interview Accounts,” in David Silverman, ed., Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice (2nd edn; London: Sage), 162–76.

Barbour, Rosaline S., and Jenny Kitzinger. 1999. Developing Focus Group Research: Politics, Theory and Practice. London: Sage.

Barker, Eileen. 1984. The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing? Oxford: Blackwell.

Barker, Eileen. 2006. “We’ve Got to Draw the Line Somewhere: An Exploration of Boundaries that Define Locations of Religious Identity,” Social Compass, 53.2, 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768606064329

Baron, Akesha. 2004. “ ‘I’m a Woman but I Know God Leads my Way’: Agency and Tzotzil Evangelical Discourse,” Language in Society, 33.2, 249–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0047404504332045

Bassett, Debra L. 2003. “Ruralism,” Iowa Law Review 88, 273–342.

Bauer, Martin W., and Bas Aarts. 2000. “Corpus Construction: A Principle for Qualitative Data Collection,” in Martin W. Bauer and George Gaskell, eds, Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound: A Practical Handbook. London: Sage, 19–37.

Berger, Peter L. 1967. The Sacred Canopy: Element of a Sociological Theory of Religion. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Biles, John, and Humera Ibrahim. 2005. “Religious Diversity in Canada: In the Shadow of Christian Privilege,” Canadian Diversity, 4.3, 67–70.

Billig, Michael. 1999a. “Whose Terms? Whose Ordinariness? Rhetoric and Ideology in Conversation Analysis,” Discourse & Society, 10.4, 543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010004005

Billig, Michael. 1999b. “Conversation Analysis and the Claims of Naivety,” Discourse & Society, 10.4, 572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010004007

Bramadat, Paul. 2005. “Re-visioning Religion in the Contemporary Period: The United Church of Canada’s Ethnic Ministries Unit,” Canadian Diversity, 4.3, 59–62.

Brubaker, Rogers, and Frederick Cooper. 2000. “Beyond ‘Identity,’ “, Theory and Society, 29.1, 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007068714468

Bucholtz, Mary, and Kira Hall. 2004. “Theorizing Identity in Language and Sexuality Research,” Language in Society, 33.4, 501–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0047404504334020

Bucholtz, Mary, and Kira Hall. 2005. “Identity and Interaction: A Sociocultural Linguistic Approach,” Discourse Studies, 7.4-5, 585–614.

Cadge, Wendy, and Lynn Davidman. 2006. “Ascription, Choice, and the Construction of Religious Identities in the Contemporary United States.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45.1, 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2006.00003.x

Cameron, Deborah. 2001. Working with Spoken Discourse. London: Sage.

Chong, Kelly H. 1998. “What It Means to be Christian: The Role of Religion in the Construction of Ethnic Identity and Boundary among Second-Generation Korean Americans,” Sociology of Religion, 59.3, 259–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3711911

Coe, Kevin, and David Domke. 2006. “Petitioners or Prophets? Presidential Discourse, God, and the Ascendancy of Religious Conservative,”, Journal of Communication, 56.2, 309–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00021.x

Cohen, Louis, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison. 2000. Research Methods in Education (5th edn; London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer). http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203224342

Davidman, Lynn. 1990. “Accommodation and Resistance: A Comparison of Two Contemporary Orthodox Jewish Groups,” Sociological Analysis, 51.1, 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3711339

Davie, Grace. 1994. Religion in Britain since 1945: Believing without Belonging. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Davie, Grace. 2006. “The Future of Religion and its Implications for the Social Sciences,” in A. von Harskamp et al., eds, Playful Religion: Challenges for the Study of Religion. Delft: Eburon, 137–49.

Day, Abby. 2006. “Believing in Belonging in Contemporary Britain: A Case Study from Yorkshire’,” Lancaster University.

Day, Abby. 2009. “Believing in Belonging: An Ethnography of Young People’s Constructions of Belief’,” Culture and Religion, 10.3, 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14755610903279671

Donaldson, Ian, and Jack Jedwab. 2003. “Intersections of Diversity,” Canadian Ethnic Studies, 35.3, 1–4.

Droogers, André. 2006 [1995], “Identity, Religious Pluralism and Ritual in Brazil: Umbanda and Pentecostalism,” in A. von Harskamp et al., eds, Playful Religion: Challenges for the Study of Religion. Delft: Eburon, 27–45.

Du Bois, John W. 2007. “The Stance Triangle,” in Robert Englebretson, ed., Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 139–82.

Durkheim, Emile. 1995 [1912], The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. New York: Free Press.

Ecklund, Elaine Howard (2005), ‘Different Identity Accounts for Catholic Women’, Review of Religious Research, 47 (2), 135-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3512046

Eggins, Suzanne and Slade, Diana (1997), Analysing Casual Conversation (London & Washington: Cassell).

Eglin, Peter and Hester, Stephen (2003), The Montreal Massacre: A Story of Membership Categorization Analysis (Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfred Laurier Press).

Englebretson, Robert. 2007. “Stancetaking in Discourse: An Introduction,” in Robert Englebretson, ed., Stancetaking in Discourse. Pragmatics and Beyond New Series; Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1–26.

Fairclough, Norman. 2003. Analyzing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge.

Fairclough, Norman. 2009. “Language, Reality and Power,” in Jonathan Culpeper, et al., eds, English Language: Description, Variation and Context. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 512–22.

Fairclough, Norman, and Ruth Wodak. 1997. “Critical Discourse Analysis,” in T. A. Van Dijk, ed., Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction. London: Sage, II, 258–84.

Freud, Sigmund. 1951 [1937]. Moses and Monotheism. Trans. Katherine Jones. London: Hogarth Press.

Freud, Sigmund. 1964 [1927]. The Future of an Illusion. Trans. W. D. Robson-Scott. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.

Glaser, Barney G., and Anselm L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Chicago: Aldine.

Godlove Jr, Terry F. 2000. “Religious Discourse and First Person Authority,” in Russell T. McCutcheon, ed., The Insider/Outsider Problem in the Study of Religion. London: Cassell, 164–78.

Goffman, Erving. 1981. “Footing,” in Erving Goffman, ed., Forms of Talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 124–59.

Goldstein, Sidney, and Alice Goldstein. 1996. Jews on the Move: Implications for Jewish Identity. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Grad, Héctor, and Luisa Martín Rojo. 2008. “Identities in Discourse: An Integrative View,” in Rosana Dolón and Júlia Todolí, eds, Analysing Identities in Discourse. Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture; Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 3–28.

Green, J., and L. Hart. 1999. “The Impact of Context on Data,” in Rosaline S. Barbour and Jenny Kitzinger, eds, Developing Focus Group Research: Politics, Theory and Practice. London: Sage, 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781849208857.n2

Gunton, Colin E. 1991. “Trinity, Ontology and Anthropology: Towards a Renewal of the Doctrine of the Imago Dei,” in Christoph Schw?bel and Colin E. Gunton, eds, Persons Divine and Human. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 47–61.

Hadden, S. C., and M. Lester. 1978. “Talking Identity: The Production of ‘Self’ in Interaction,” Human Studies, 1, 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02132622

Haddington, Pentti. 2004. “Stance Taking in News Interviews,” SKY Journal of Linguistics, 17, 101–42.

Hammond, Phillip E. 1988. “Religion and the Persistence of Identity,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27.1, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1387398

Hargrove, Barbara. 1989. The Sociology of Religion: Classical and Contemporary Approaches. 2nd edn; Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson.

Heelas, Paul, et al. 2004. The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion is Giving Way to Spirituality. Religion in the Modern World; Oxford: Blackwell.

Heilman, Samuel C. 1996. Portrait of American Jews: The Last Half of the 20th Century. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Henery, Neil. 2003. “Constructions of Spirituality in Contemporary Nursing Theory,” Journal of Advanced Nursing, 42.6, 550–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02658.x

Hervieu-Léger, Danièle. 2000. Religion as a Chain of Memory. Trans. Simon Lee. London: Polity Press.

Hester, Stephen, and Peter Eglin. 1997. Culture in Action: Studies in Membership Categorization Analysis. Studies in Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis; Lanham, MD: International Institute for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis & University Press of America.

Hester, Stephen, and D. W. Francis. 2000. Local Educational Order: Ethnomethodological Studies of Knowledge in Action. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Holt, Ron. 1996. “A Socio-linguistic Approach to Religious Language,” Australian EJournal of Theology, 6.

Ivani?, Roz. 1998. Writing and Identity: The Discoursal Construction of Identity in Academic Writing, eds B. Street and L. Verhoeven. Studies in Written Language and Literacy; Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Jenkins, Richard. 2004 [1996]. Social Identity. 2nd edn; London: Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203463352

Johnstone, Barbara. 2008. Discourse Analysis. 2nd edn; Malden: Blackwell.

Karaflogka, Anastasia. 2002. “Religious Discourse and Cyberspace,” Religion, 32.4, 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/reli.2002.0405

Kim, Andrew E. 2000. “Korean Religious Culture and its Affinity to Christianity: The Rise of Protestant Christianity in South Korea,” Sociology of Religion, 61.2, 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3712281

Kitzinger, Celia. 2000. “Doing Feminist Conversation Analysis,” Feminism and Psychology, 10.2, 163–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353500010002001

Laclau, Ernesto. 1990. New Reflections on the Revolution of our Time. London: Verso.

Lawson, Ronald. 1999. “When Immigrants Take Over: The Impact of Immigrant Growth on American Seventh Day Adventism’s Trajectory from Sect to Denomination,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38.1, 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1387586

Lepper, Georgia. 2000. Categories in Text and Talk. London: Sage.

Lincoln, Bruce. 2000. “Culture,” in Willi Braun and Russell T. McCutcheon, eds, Guide to the Study of Relgion. New York: Cassell, 409–22.

Loseke, Donileen R., and James C. Cavendish. 2001. “Producing Institutional Selves: Rhetorically Constructing the Dignity of Sexually Marginalized Catholics,” American Sociological Association, 64.4, 347–62.

Lyon, David. 2000. “Introduction,” in David Lyon and Marguerite Van Die, eds, Rethinking Church, State, and Modernity: Canada Between Europe and America. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 3–19.

Marty, Martin E. 1997. “Introduction: The Role of Religion in Cultural Foundations of Ethnonationalism,” in M. E. Marty and R. S. Appleby, eds, Religion, Ethnicity, and Self-Identity: Nations in Turmoil. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1–18.

Marx, Karl. 1970 [1843]. Critique of Hegel’s “Philosophy of Right.” Trans. Annette Jolin and Joseph O’Malley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Meyer, Thomas. 2001. Identity Mania. London: Zed Books.

Michell, L. 1999. “Combining Focus Groups and Interviews: Telling How It is; Telling How It Feels,” in Rosaline S. Barbour and Jenny Kitzinger, eds, Developing Focus Group Research: Politics, Theory and Practice. London: Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781849208857.n3

Milroy, Lesley. 1987. Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Mol, Hans. 1976. Identity and the Sacred: A Sketch for a New Social-Scientific Theory of Religion. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Mol, Hans. 1978. Identity and Religion: International, Cross-Cultural Approaches. Sage Studies in International Sociology, 16; London: Sage.

Myers, Greg. 1998. “Displaying Opinions: Topics and Disagreement in Focus Groups,” Language in Society, 27.1, 85–111.

Myers, Greg, and Phil Macnaughten. 1999. “Can Focus Groups be Analysed as Talk?,” in J. Kitzinger, ed., Developing Focus Group Research: Politics, Theory and Practice. London: Sage, 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781849208857.n12

Neitz, Mary Jo. 1987. Charisma and Community. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press.

Ochs, Elinor. 1992. “Indexing Gender,” in A. Duranti and C. Goodwin, eds, Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 335–58.

Ochs, Elinor. 1993. “Constructing Social Identity: A Language Socialization Perspective,” Research on Language and Social Interaction, 26.3, 287–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi2603_3

Ochs, Elinor. 1996. “Linguistic Resources for Socializing Humanity,” in John J. Gumperz and Stephen C. Levinson, eds, Rethinking Linguistic Relativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 407–37.

Peräkylä, Anssi. 2004. “Conversation Analysis,” in Clive Seale, et al., eds, Qualitative Research Practice. London: Sage, 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781848608191.d15

Pomerantz, Anita, and Jenny Mandelbaum. 2005. “Conversation Analytic Approaches to the Relevance and Uses of Relationship Categories in Interaction,” in Kristine L. Fitch and Robert E. Sanders, eds, Handbook of Language and Social Interaction. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 149–71.

Precht, Kristen. 2008. “Sex Similarities and Differences in Stance in Informal American Conversation,” Journal of Sociolinguistics, 12.1, 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2008.00354.x

Puchta, Claudia, and Jonathan Potter. 1999. “Asking Elaborate Questions: Focus Groups and the Management of Spontaneity,” Journal of Sociolinguistics, 3.3, 314–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00081

Queen II, Edward L. 1996. “The Formation and Reformation of Religious Identity,” Religious Education, 91.4, 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0034408960910407

Reisigl, Martin, and Ruth Wodak. 2001. Discourse and Discrimination: Rhetorics of Racism and Antisemitism. London: Routledge.

Sayer, Andrew. 2000. Realism and Social Science. London: Sage.

Schegloff, Emanuel A. 1987. “Between Micro and Macro: Contexts and Other Connections,” in Jeffrey C. Alexander, et al., eds, The Micro-Macro Link. Berkeley: University of California Press, 207–34.

Schegloff, Emanuel A. 1992. “In Another Context,” in Alessandro Duranti and Charles Goodwin, eds, Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 191–227.

Schegloff, Emanuel A. 1997. “Whose Text? Whose Context?,” Discourse & Society, 8.2, 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926597008002002

Schegloff, Emanuel A. 1998. “Reply to Wetherell,” Discourse & Society, 9, 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926598009003006

Schegloff, Emanuel A. 1999a. “Naivety vs. Sophistication or Discipline vs. Self-Indulgence: A Rejoinder to Billig,” Discourse & Society, 10.4, 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010004008

Schegloff, Emanuel A. 1999b. “ ‘Schegloff’s Texts’ as ‘Billig’s Data’: A Critical Reply,” Discourse & Society, 10.4, 558–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010004006

Schegloff, Emanuel A. 2007. “A Tutorial on Membership Categorization,” Journal of Pragmatics, 39.3, 462–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.07.007

Silverman, David. 1998. Harvey Sacks: Social Science and Conversational Analysis. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Silverman, David. 2001. Interpreting Qualitative Data: Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction. 2nd edn; London: Sage.

Thompson, J. O. 1996. “Voice Genres: The Case of Televangelical Language,” in S. E. Porter, ed., The Nature of Religious Language: A Colloquium. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 88–99.

Thumma, Scott. 1991. “Negotiating a Religious Identity: The Case of the Gay Evangelical,” Sociological Analysis, 52.4, 333–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3710850

Titscher, Stefan, et al., eds. 2000. Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis. London: Sage.

Tomlinson, Matt. 2002. “Religious Discourse as Metaculture,” European Journal of Cultural Studies, 5.1, 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1364942002005001154

Triandafyllidou, Anna, and Ruth Wodak. 2003. “Conceptual and Methodological Questions in the Study of Collective Identities: An Introduction,” Journal of Language and Politics, 2.2, 205–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.2.2.02tri

Watson, D. R. 1997. “Some General Reflections on ‘Categorization’ and ‘Sequence’ in the Analysis of Conversation,” in Stephen Hester and Peter Eglin, eds, Culture in Action: Studies in Membership Categorization Analysis. Lanham, MD: International Institute for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis & University Press of America, 49–75.

Weber, Max. 1993 [1922]. The Sociology of Religion. Trans. Ephraim Fischoff. Boston: Beacon Press.

Wetherell, Margaret. 1998. “Positioning and Interpretative Repertoires: Conversation Analysis and Post-structuralism in Dialogue,” Discourse & Society, 9.3, 387–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926598009003005

Wetherell, Margaret, and Jonathan Potter. 1992. Mapping the Language of Racism: Discourse and the Legitimation of Exploitation. Brighton: Harvester/Wheatsheaf.

Widdicombe, Sue. 1998. “Identity as an Analysts’ and a Participants’ Resource,” in Charles Antaki and Sue Widdicombe, eds, Identities in Talk. London: Sage, 191–206.

Wilkinson, Sue. 2004. “Focus Group Research,” in David Silverman, ed., Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice. 2nd edn; London: Sage, 177–99.

Wodak, Ruth. 2001. “The Discourse-Historical Approach,” in Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer, eds, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. Introducing Qualitative Methods; London: Sage, 63–94.

Wodak, Ruth, and Michael Meyer. 2009. “Critical Discourse Analysis: History, Agenda, Theory and Methodology,” in Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer, eds, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. 2nd edn; Los Angeles: Sage, 1–33.

Wodak, Ruth, et al. 1999. The Discursive Construction of National Identity. Trans. Angelika Hirsch and Richard Mitten. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Woodhead, Linda. 1999. “Theology and the Fragmentation of the Self,” International Journal of Systematic Theology, 1.1, 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1463-1652.00004

Yang, Fenggang. 1999. Chinese Christians in America: Conversion, Assimilation, and Adhesive Identities. University Park: Penn State University Press.

Zimmerman, Don H. 1998. “Identity, Context and Interaction,” in Charles Antaki and Sue Widdicombe, eds, Identities in Talk. London: Sage, 87–106.

Published

2013-10-29

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Power, K. (2013). Investigating Religious “Identity”: the promise and problem of discourse analytic methods for religious studies inquiries. Fieldwork in Religion, 8(1), 7-26. https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.v8i1.7