Navigating Other-than-Human Identities with Online Ethnography
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.34534Keywords:
other-than-human, identity, digital culture, netnography, ethicsAbstract
This article provides an overview of some of the key issues the author encountered when researching an online subculture of people who identify as non-human beings, here referred to as the other-than-human community. The difficulties inherent in this task stem from both the complex nature of internet ethnography and from the community itself, and raise numerous considerations about the ethics and efficacy of various formats of information gathering and analysis. This discussion brings together comparable studies of metaphysical communities, digital communities and computer-based methodologies to situate reflections on online fieldwork in the sensitive area of the self-expression of the other-than-human self.
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References
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----- 2009 From Pulp Fiction to Revealed Text: A Study of the Role of the Text in the Otherkin Community. In Exploring Religion and the Sacred in a Media Age, edited by Christopher Deacy and Elisabeth Arweck, 141–54. Surrey: Ashgate.
----- 2012 Readers, Believers, Consumers, and Audiences: Complicating the Relationship between Consumption and Contemporary Narrative Spiritualities. Australian Journal of Communication 39(1): 121–34.
----- 2013 Fantasy and Belief: Alternative Religions, Popular Narratives, and Digital Cultures. Durham: Acumen.
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----- 2012 “We are Spirits of Another Sort”: Ontological Rebellion and Religious Dimensions of the Otherkin Community. Nova Religio 15(3): 65–90. https://doi.org/10.1525/ nr.2012.15.3.65
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Lupa 2006 Fang and Fur, Blood and Bone: A Primal Guide to Animal Magic. Stafford: Megalithica.
----- 2007 A Field Guide to Otherkin. Stafford: Megalithica.
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----- 2013 The Beast Within: Anthrozoomorphic Identity and Alternative Spirituality in the Online Therianthropy Movement. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 15(3): 7–30.
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----- 2012a A Directory of Otherkin Writings and Other Works. Online: http://frameacloud.com/ otherkin/nonfiction-otherkin/ (accessed August 4, 2017).
----- 2012b Otherkin Timeline: The Recent History of Elfin, Fae, and Animal People. Online: http:// frameacloud.com/otherkin/nonfiction-otherkin/ (accessed August 4, 2017).
----- 2012–2015 Marginalia Upon Lupa’s A Field Guide to Otherkin. Online: http://frameacloud. com/otherkin/nonfiction-otherkin/ (accessed August 4, 2017).
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----- 1999 Beyond Netiquette. In Doing Internet Research: Critical Issues and Methods for Examining the Net, edited by Steven Jones, 243–56. California: SAGE. https://doi. org/10.4135/9781452231471.n12
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Bricker, Natalie 2016 Life Stories of Therianthropes: An Analysis of Nonhuman Identity in a Narrative Identity Model. Senior thesis, Lake Forest College.
Bruckman, Amy 2002 Studying the Amateur Artist: A Perspective on Disguising Data Collected in Human Subjects Research on the Internet. Ethics and Information Technology 4: 217– 31. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021316409277
Coco, Angela 2008 Pagans Online and Offline: Locating Community in Postmodern Times. Sociological Spectrum 28(5): 510–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170802206138
Cusack, Carole M. 2017 Spirituality and Self-Realisation as “Other-Than-Human”: The Otherkin and Therianthropy Communities. In Fiction, Invention and Hyper-reality: From Popular Culture to Religion, edited by Carole M. Cusack and Pavol Kosnác?, 40–57. London and New York: Routledge.
Davidsen, Markus 2012 The Spiritual Milieu Based on J.R.R. Tolkien’s Literary Mythology. In Handbook of Hyper-Real Religions, edited by Adam Possamai, 185–204. Leiden and Boston, MA: Brill.
----- 2013 Fiction-Based Religion: Conceptualising a New Category Against History-Based Religion and Fandom. Culture and Religion 14(4): 378–95.
----- 2017 The Elven Path and the Silver Ship of the Valar: Two Spiritual Groups Based on J. R. R. Tolkien’s Legendarium. In Fiction, Invention and Hyper-reality: From Popular Culture to Religion, edited by Carole M. Cusack and Pavol Kosnác?, 15–30. London and New York: Routledge.
Dibbell, Julian 1997 A Rape in Cyberspace, or How an Evil Clown, a Haitian Trickster Spirit, Two Wizards, and a Cast of Dozens Turned a Database into a Society. In Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture, edited by Mark Dery, 1–10. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Encyclopedia Dramatica 2017 Otherkin. Online: https://encyclopediadramatica.rs/Otherkin (accessed August 4, 2017).
Eysenbach, Gunther, and James E. Till 2001 Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research on Internet Communities. BMJ 32399(7321): 1103–1105. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7321.1103
Garcia, Angela, Alecea I. Standlee, Jennifer Bechkoff, and Yan Cui 2009 Ethnographic Approaches to the Internet and Computer-Mediated Communication. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 38(1): 52–84. https://doi.org/10. 1177/0891241607310839
Gerbasi, Kathleen C., Nicholas Paolone, Justin Higner, Laura L. Scaletta, Penny L. Bernstein, Samuel Conway, and Adam Privitera 2008 Furries from A to Z (Anthropomorphism to Zoomorphism). Society & Animals 16: 197–222. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853008X323376
Getzler, Melanie 2013 Othering among Otherkin: The Discursive Negotiation of the Face-Threat of Exclusionary Othering in a Demarginalizing Internet Community. PhD dissertation, Indiana University.
Greene, Rosalyn 2000 The Magic of Shapeshifting. Maine: Weiser.
Grivell, Timothy, Helen Clegg, and Elizabeth C. Roxburgh 2014 An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis of Identity in the Therian Community. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research 14(2): 113–35. https:// doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2014.891999
House of Chimeras 2015 History of the Therian Community – 2000. Between Forest and Sea. Online: http:// houseofchimeras.weebly.com/history-of-the-therian-community---2000.html.
Ipomoea 2013 On the Blessing and Curse of the Internet. Sacred Liminality. Online: https:// sacredliminality.wordpress.com/2013/11/25/on-the-blessing-and-curse-of-theinternet/ (accessed August 4, 2017).
Johnston, Jay 2013 On Having a Furry Soul: Transpecies Identity and Ontological Indeterminacy in Otherkin Subcultures. In Animal Death, edited by Jay Johnston and Fiona ProbynRapsey, 293–306. Sydney: Sydney University Press.
----- 2014 Vampirism, Lycanthropy, and Otherkin. In The Occult World, edited by Christopher Partridge, 412–23. London and New York: Routledge.
Kendall, Lori 2007 Shout into the Wind, and it Shouts Back: Identity and Interactional Tensions on LiveJournal. First Monday 12(9). Online: http://firstmonday.org/article/viewArticle/2004/1879. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v12i9.2004
Keyworth, David 2002 The Socio-Religious Beliefs and Nature of the Contemporary Vampire Subculture. Journal of Contemporary Religion 17(3): 355–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 1353790022000008280
Kinney, Jay 1995 Net Worth? Religion, Cyberspace, and the Future. Futures 27(7): 763–76. https:// doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(95)00842-K
Kirby, Danielle 2006 Alternative Worlds: Metaphysical Questing and Virtual Community among the Otherkin. In Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on the Sacred, edited by Frances di Lauro, 275–87. Sydney: University of Sydney Press.
----- 2009 From Pulp Fiction to Revealed Text: A Study of the Role of the Text in the Otherkin Community. In Exploring Religion and the Sacred in a Media Age, edited by Christopher Deacy and Elisabeth Arweck, 141–54. Surrey: Ashgate.
----- 2012 Readers, Believers, Consumers, and Audiences: Complicating the Relationship between Consumption and Contemporary Narrative Spiritualities. Australian Journal of Communication 39(1): 121–34.
----- 2013 Fantasy and Belief: Alternative Religions, Popular Narratives, and Digital Cultures. Durham: Acumen.
Know Your Meme 2013 On All Levels Except Physical, I am a Wolf. Online: http://knowyourmeme.com/ memes/on-all-levels-except-physical-i-am-a-wolf (accessed August 4, 2017).
----- 2015 Q&A with Shiro Ulv. Online: http://knowyourmeme.com/blog/interviews/q-awith-shiro-ulv (accessed August 4, 2017).
Kozinets, Robert V. 2002 The Field behind the Screen: Using Netnography for Marketing Research in Online Communities. Journal of Marketing Research 39(1): 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1509/ jmkr.39.1.61.18935
Langer, Roy, and Suzanne C. Beckmann 2005 Sensitive Research Topics: Netnography Revisited. Qualitative Market Research (8)2: 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750510592454
Laycock, Joseph 2009 Vampires Today: The Truth about Modern Vampirism. Westport: Praeger.
----- 2012 “We are Spirits of Another Sort”: Ontological Rebellion and Religious Dimensions of the Otherkin Community. Nova Religio 15(3): 65–90. https://doi.org/10.1525/ nr.2012.15.3.65
Levitt, Danielle 2010 Teenage Wolfpack: Wolfie. Dazed. Online: http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/8797/1/teenage-wolfpack-wolfie (accessed August 4, 2017).
Lupa 2006 Fang and Fur, Blood and Bone: A Primal Guide to Animal Magic. Stafford: Megalithica.
----- 2007 A Field Guide to Otherkin. Stafford: Megalithica.
Mamatas, Nick 2001 Elven Like Me. The Village Voice. Online: https://www.villagevoice.com/2001/02/ 13/elven-like-me/ (accessed August 4, 2017).
Morphy, Rob 2011 Teen Wolves of Texas. Mysterious Universe. Online: http://mysteriousuniverse. org/2011/11/teen-wolves-of-texas/ (accessed August 4, 2017).
Nelson, Victoria 2012 Gothicka: Vampire Heroes, Human Gods, and the New Supernatural. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674065406
NRK P3 Verdens Rikeste Land 2016 Born in the Wrong Species // Født i feil art. YouTube. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWeBunPiIzo (accessed August 4, 2017).
O’Callaghan, Sean 2015 Navigating the “Other” World: Cyberspace, Popular Culture and the Realm of the Otherkin. Culture and Religion 16(3): 253–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/14755610.20 15.1083454
Parsons, Zack 2009 Your Next-Door Neighbor is a Dragon. New York: Rebel Base Books.
Partridge, Chistopher 2004 Re-Enchantment of the West, Vol. 1. London: T&T Clark.
Penzcak, Christopher 2007 Ascension Magick: Ritual, Myth and Healing for the New Aeon. Minnesota: Llewellyn.
Plante, Courtney, Stephen Reysen, Sharon Roberts, and Kathleen C. Gerbasi 2016 Fur Science! A Summary of Five Years of Research from the International Anthropomorphic Research Project. Waterloo: FurScience.
Project Shift 2016 http://project-shift.net/ (accessed August 4, 2017).
r/TumblrInAction n.d. Reddit. Online: https://www.reddit.com/r/TumblrInAction/ (accessed August 4, 2017).
Robertson, Venetia Laura Delano 2012 The Law of the Jungle: Self and Community in the Online Therianthropy Movement. The Pomegranate 14(2): 256–280.
----- 2013 The Beast Within: Anthrozoomorphic Identity and Alternative Spirituality in the Online Therianthropy Movement. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 15(3): 7–30.
Sarkza2 2011 Kvinna tror att hon är en katt (Woman thinks she is a cat). YouTube. Online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyTpk6xyzzk (accessed August 4, 2017).
Scribner, Orion 2006 What if there was a Book about Otherkin? Theri There. Online: https://tapastic. com/episode/364203 (accessed August 4, 2017).
----- 2012a A Directory of Otherkin Writings and Other Works. Online: http://frameacloud.com/ otherkin/nonfiction-otherkin/ (accessed August 4, 2017).
----- 2012b Otherkin Timeline: The Recent History of Elfin, Fae, and Animal People. Online: http:// frameacloud.com/otherkin/nonfiction-otherkin/ (accessed August 4, 2017).
----- 2012–2015 Marginalia Upon Lupa’s A Field Guide to Otherkin. Online: http://frameacloud. com/otherkin/nonfiction-otherkin/ (accessed August 4, 2017).
Shane, Margaret 2014 Some People Aren’t People on the Inside: Online Connectivity and Otherkin Subjectivities. In Educational, Psychological, and Behavioral Considerations in Niche Online Communities, edited by Vivek Venkatesh, 260–71. Hershey: Information Science Reference. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5206-4.ch016
Sharf, Barbara 1997 Communicating Breast Cancer On-Line: Support and Empowerment on the Internet. Women & Health 26(1): 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1300/J013v26n01_05
----- 1999 Beyond Netiquette. In Doing Internet Research: Critical Issues and Methods for Examining the Net, edited by Steven Jones, 243–56. California: SAGE. https://doi. org/10.4135/9781452231471.n12
Singler, Beth 2016 The Indigo Children: New Age Experimentation with Self and Science. PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge.
Sonne 2004–2012 The Sanctuary. Online: http://sonne.sonverrid.org/ (accessed August 4, 2017).
Therianthropy Research Group n.d. What is Therianthropy? Online: http://therianthropyresearchgroup.weebly. com/what-is-therianthropy.html (accessed August 4, 2017).
Trevisan, Filippo and Paul Reilly 2014 Ethical Dilemmas in Researching Sensitive Issues Online: Lessons from the Study of British Disability Dissent Networks. Information, Communication & Society 17(9): 1131–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.889188
Wicker, Christine 2005 Not in Kansas Anymore: A Curious Tale of How Magic is Transforming America. New York: HarperCollins.
Windtree, Tirl 2016 What are Otherkin? Otherkin.net. Online: https://www.otherkin.net/2016/09/ what-are-otherkin/ (accessed August 4, 2017).
Urban Dictionary 2017 Otherkin. Online: http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Otherkin (accessed August 4, 2017).
van Gulik, Léon A 2016 Coining a Name, Casting the Self. Nova Religio 20(2): 97–110.
ZigZag Productions 2013 I Think I’m An Animal. Online: http://www.zigzag.uk.com/programmes/i-thinkim-an-animal/ (accessed August 4, 2017).
Published
2017-09-26
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Robertson, V. (2017). Navigating Other-than-Human Identities with Online Ethnography. Fieldwork in Religion, 12(1), 103-126. https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.34534
