Language and masculinity
the role of Osaka dialect in contemporary ideals of fatherhood
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.31609Keywords:
masculinity, fatherhood, internal globalisation, regional dialect, JapanAbstract
The unexpected use of Osaka dialect in the 2013 film Like Father, Like Son directed by Hirokazu Kore’eda, presents an opportunity to scrutinise its role in indexing
masculinity, class and fatherhood. The film depicts two styles of fatherhood: one, a cool and disconnected father representing the archetypal upper-middle class but absent salaryman patriarch; the other, a warm and emotionally connected father representing a new kind of patriarch who is engaged in child rearing. These contrasting styles are indexed linguistically through standard Japanese and Osaka dialect respectively. Extending the framework of a sociolinguistics of the periphery to a case of internal language variation, the mobility of Osaka dialect is highlighted. Specifically, through the process of translocalisation, the enregistered indices of Osaka dialect mediate the creation of a new social type: the caring and connected father.
References
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Frühstück, S. and Walthall, A. (eds) (2011) Recreating Japanese Men. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
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Hashimoto K. (2006) Kaiky? Shakai: Gendai Nihon no Kakusa o T? [Class Society: Questioning the Disparity of Modern Japan]. Tokyo: Kodansha.
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Hiramoto, M. (2009) Slaves speak pseudo-T?hoku ben: the representation of minorities in the Japanese translation of Gone with the Wind. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13: 249–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00406.x
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Mizumoto, T. (2015) Jend? kara mita Nihongo Ky?kasho: Nihonjosei-z? no Kin?, Ky?, Ashita [Japanese Language Textbooks from the Viewpoint of Gender: Images of Japanese Women of Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow]. Okayama: Daigaku Ky?iku Shuppan.
Morohashi, T. (2005) Zasshi ni okeru jend?: kategor? no k?chiku [Gender in magazines: Formulation of categories]. In Kitaky?sh? shiritsu danjo ky?d? sankaku sent? ‘m?bu’ (ed.) Jend? to hakusho: Josei to media [Gender White Book: Women and Media] 214–36. Tokyo: Akashi Shoten.
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North, S. (2015) Hiding fatherhood in corporate Japan. In M. Inhorn, W. Chavkin and J Navarro (eds) Globalized Fatherhood 53–77. Oxford: Berghahn.
Occhi, D. J., SturtzSreetharan, C. L. and Shibamoto Smith, J. S. (2010) Finding Mr. Right: new looks at gendered modernity in Japanese televised romances. Japanese Studies 30(3): 409–25.
Ochs, E. (1992) Indexing gender. In A. Duranti and C. Goodwin (eds) Rethinking context: language as an interactive phenomenon 335–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Okamoto, S. and Shibamoto Smith, J. S. (2008) Constructing linguistic femininity in contemporary Japan: scholarly and popular representations. Gender and Language 2(1): 87–112.
Onoe, K, Kasai, S., Wakaichi, K. (2000) Interview: Osaka no kotoba, Osaka no Bunka [Osaka’s language, Osaka’s culture]. Gengo 29(1): 14–39.
Ota, M. (2011) Usain Boruto no ‘I’ wa naze ‘ore’ to yakusareru no ka: Sup?tzu h?s? no ‘yakuwarigo’ [Why translation of Usain Bolt’s speech uses first person prnoun ‘ore’ in Japanese: Role of language in sports broadcasting]. In S. Kinsui (ed.) Yakuwarigo kenky? no tenkai [The Development of Role Language Studies] 93–126. Tokyo: Kuroshio Shuppan.
Oyama, A. (2014) Gender, family, and new styles of fatherhood: modernization and globalization in Japan. PhD dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Peng, F. and Long, D. (1993) Osakakotoba no tokucho [Characteristics of Osaka Dialect]. Osaka: Izumi Shoten.
Pennycook, A. (2007) Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows. London: Routledge.
Pietikäinen, S., Kelly-Holmes, H., Jaffe, A. and Coupland, N. (2016) Sociolinguistics from the Periphery: Small Languages in New Circumstances. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richardson, K. (2010) Television Dramatic Dialogue: A Sociolinguistic Study. New York: Oxford University Press.
Roberson, J. (1998) Japanese Working Class Lives: An Ethnographic Study of Factory Workers. London: Routledge.
Roberson, J. (2003) Japanese working-class masculinities: marginalized complicity. In J. Roberson and N. Suzuki (eds) Men and Masculinities in Contemporary Japan: Dislocating the salaryman doxa 126–43. New York: RoutledgeCurzon.
Sakai, N. (1992) Voices of the Past: The Status of Language in Eighteenth-Century Japanese Discourse. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Saladin, R. (2015) Between gyaru-o and s?shokukei danshi: body discourses in lifestyle magazines for young Japanese men. Contemporary Japan: 27(1): 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1515/cj-2015-0004
Sat?, M. (2000) Osakaben no seishin [The spirit of Osaka dialect]. Gengo 29(1): 60–65.
Shibamoto, J. (1985) Japanese Women’s Language. London: Academic Press.
Shibamoto Smith, J. S. and Occhi, D. J. (2009) The green leaves of love: Japanese romantic heroines, authentic femininity, and dialect. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13(4): 524–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00422.x
Shwalb, D. W. and Nakazawa, J. (2013) Fathering in Japan: entering an era of involvement with children. In D. Shwalb, B. Shwalb and M. Lamb (eds) Fathers in Cultural Context 42–67. New York: Routledge.
SturtzSreetharan, C. L. (2004a) Students, salariiman (pl.), and seniors: Japanese men’s use of ‘manly’ speech register. Language in Society 33(1): 81–107.
SturtzSreetharan, C. L. (2004b) Japanese men’s conversational stereotypes and realities: Conversations from the Kanto and Kansai regions. In S. Okamoto and J. S. Shibamoto Smith (eds) Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People 279–89. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
SturtzSreetharan, C. L. (2006) ‘I read the Nikkei, too’: crafting position of authority and masculinity in a Japanese conversation. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 16(2): 173–93.
SturtzSreetharan, C. L. (2009) Ore and Omae: Japanese men’s uses of first- and second-person pronouns. Pragmatics 19(2): 253–78. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.19.2.06stu
SturtzSreetharan, C. L. (2015) Na(a)n ya nen! Making masculinity and making curry in Kansai. Journal of Japanese Language and Literature 49(2): 429–52.
SturtzSreetharan, C. L. (2017a) Academy of devotion: performing status, hierarchy, and masculinity on reality TV. Gender and Language 11(2): 176–203.
SturtzSreetharan, C. L. (2017b) Resignifying the Japanese father: mediatization, commodification and dialect. Language and Communication 53: 45–58.
Tanaka, K. (2003) The language of Japanese men’s magazines: young men who don’t want to get hurt. In B. Benwell (ed.) Masculinity and men’s lifestyle magazines 222–42. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Tomosada, K. (1995) Kansai ben wa h?gen o heny? saseru ka [Will Kansai dialect change another dialect?]. Gengo Bessatsu 24: 122–35.
Tomosada, K. and Jin’nouchi, M. (2004) Kansai H?gen, Kansaiteki komyunik?shon no hirogari ga imisuru mono [On the diffusion of the Kansai dialect and the Kansai way of speaking among youth in Japan]. The Japanese Journal of Language in Society 7(1): 84–91.
Trudgill, P. (1974) The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Vogel, E. (1971) Japan’s New Middle Class: The Salary Man and his Family in a Tokyo Suburb. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Agha, A. (2007) Language and Social Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Agha, A. (2011) Commodity registers. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 21(1): 22–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1395.2011.01081.x
Blommaert, J. (2009) Discourse: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Blommaert, J. (2010) The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Blommaert, J. and Dong, J. (2013) Language and movement in space. In N. Coupland (ed.) The Handbook of Language and Globalization 366–85. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Dasgupta, R. (2013) Re-reading the Salaryman in Japan: Crafting Masculinities. New York: Routledge.
Errington, J. (1985) On the nature of the sociolinguistic sign: describing the Javanese speech levels. In E. Mertz and R. J. Parmentier (eds) Semiotic Mediation 287–310. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Frühstück, S. and Walthall, A. (eds) (2011) Recreating Japanese Men. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Fuess, H. (1997) A golden age of fatherhood? Parent–child relations in Japanese historiography. Monumenta Nipponica 52(3): 381–97. https://doi.org/10.2307/2385634
Fuess, H. (2005) Men’s place in the women’s kingdom: new middle-class fatherhood in Taish? Japan. In G. L. Bernstein, A. Gordon and K. W. Nakai (eds) Public Sphere, Private Lives in Modern Japan, 1600–1950 259–92. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gill, T. (2003) When pillars evaporate: structuring masculinity on the Japanese margins. In J. Roberson and N. Suzuki (eds) Men and Masculinities in Contemporary Japan: Dislocating the Salaryman Doxa 144–61. New York: RoutledgeCurzon.
Hashimoto K. (2006) Kaiky? Shakai: Gendai Nihon no Kakusa o T? [Class Society: Questioning the Disparity of Modern Japan]. Tokyo: Kodansha.
Hinds, J. (1986) Japanese. London: Routledge.
Hiramoto, M. (2009) Slaves speak pseudo-T?hoku ben: the representation of minorities in the Japanese translation of Gone with the Wind. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13: 249–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00406.x
Hiramoto, M. (2013) Hey, you’re a girl? Gendered expressions in the popular anime, Cowboy Bebop. Multilingua 32(1): 51–78. https://doi.org/10.1515/multi-2013-0003
Inoue, F. (2011) Standardization and de-standardization processes in spoken Japanese. In P. Heinrich and C. Galan (eds) Language Life in Japan: Transformations and Prospects 109–23. Abingdon: Routledge.
Inoue, F. (2009) Kansai ni okeru h?gen to ky?ts?go [Dialect and standard in Kansai dialect]. Gekkan Gengo 38(7): 49–57.
Inoue, M. (2006) Vicarious Language: Gender and Linguistic Modernity in Japan. Berkeley, CA: UC Press.
Ishii-Kuntz, M. (2013) ‘Ikumen’ gensh? no shakaigaku [The Sociology of Child Caring Men]. Ky?to-shi: Mineruva Shob?.
Jaffe, A. and Oliva, C. (2013) Linguistic creativity in Corsican tourist context. In S. Pietikäinen and H. Kelly-Holmes (eds) Multilingualism and the Periphery 118–32. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kelly-Holmes, H. (2013) Translation in progress: centralizing and peripheralizing tensions in the practices of commercial actors in minority language sites. In S. Pietikäinen and H. Kelly-Holmes (eds) Multilingualism and the periphery 95–117. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kindaichi, K. (1942) Kokogo Kenky? [A Study of the National Language]. Tokyo: Yakumo Shorin.
Kinsui, S. (2003) Bu?charu Nihongo yakuwarigo no nazo [Virtual Nihongo]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
Kinsui, S., Tanaka, Y. and Okamuro, M. (2014) Dorama to h?gen no atarashii kankei: ‘K?n?shon’ kara ‘Yae no sakura,’ sohite ‘Ama chan’ e [The New Relationship between Drama and Dialect: From Carnation to Yae no Sakura and then Ama chan]. Tokyo: Kasama shoin.
Kore’eda, H. (dir.) (2013) Soshite Chichi ni Naru [Like Father, Like Son]. Film, 121 min.
Koyano, T. (2004) ?sakateki danwa no tokucho boke to tsukkomi [Characteristics of ?saka style conversation: the fool and the wit]. Nihongogaku 23(9): 42–52.
Long, D. (1999) H?gen ninchi chizu ni mirareu jimoto h?grn no aidentiti [home dialect identities as seen in perceptual dialect maps]. In S. Hiroshi (ed) Kotoba no 20 Seiki [Language in the 20th Century] 194–207. Tokyo: Domesu Publishers.
Miller, L. (2006) Beauty Up: Exploring Contemporary Japanese Body Aesthetics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Mizumoto, T. (2015) Jend? kara mita Nihongo Ky?kasho: Nihonjosei-z? no Kin?, Ky?, Ashita [Japanese Language Textbooks from the Viewpoint of Gender: Images of Japanese Women of Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow]. Okayama: Daigaku Ky?iku Shuppan.
Morohashi, T. (2005) Zasshi ni okeru jend?: kategor? no k?chiku [Gender in magazines: Formulation of categories]. In Kitaky?sh? shiritsu danjo ky?d? sankaku sent? ‘m?bu’ (ed.) Jend? to hakusho: Josei to media [Gender White Book: Women and Media] 214–36. Tokyo: Akashi Shoten.
Niyekawa, A. (1992) Minimum Essential Politeness. Tokyo, Kodansha.
North, S. (2009). Otoko mo tsurai yo: Dansei no tachiba kara mita shigoto to katei no ry?ritsu [It’s tough for men, too: work–family balance from men’s perspective]. In K. Muta (ed) Gend? Sutad?zu [Gender Studies] 66–88. Osaka: Osaka University Press.
North, S. (2015) Hiding fatherhood in corporate Japan. In M. Inhorn, W. Chavkin and J Navarro (eds) Globalized Fatherhood 53–77. Oxford: Berghahn.
Occhi, D. J., SturtzSreetharan, C. L. and Shibamoto Smith, J. S. (2010) Finding Mr. Right: new looks at gendered modernity in Japanese televised romances. Japanese Studies 30(3): 409–25.
Ochs, E. (1992) Indexing gender. In A. Duranti and C. Goodwin (eds) Rethinking context: language as an interactive phenomenon 335–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Okamoto, S. and Shibamoto Smith, J. S. (2008) Constructing linguistic femininity in contemporary Japan: scholarly and popular representations. Gender and Language 2(1): 87–112.
Onoe, K, Kasai, S., Wakaichi, K. (2000) Interview: Osaka no kotoba, Osaka no Bunka [Osaka’s language, Osaka’s culture]. Gengo 29(1): 14–39.
Ota, M. (2011) Usain Boruto no ‘I’ wa naze ‘ore’ to yakusareru no ka: Sup?tzu h?s? no ‘yakuwarigo’ [Why translation of Usain Bolt’s speech uses first person prnoun ‘ore’ in Japanese: Role of language in sports broadcasting]. In S. Kinsui (ed.) Yakuwarigo kenky? no tenkai [The Development of Role Language Studies] 93–126. Tokyo: Kuroshio Shuppan.
Oyama, A. (2014) Gender, family, and new styles of fatherhood: modernization and globalization in Japan. PhD dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Peng, F. and Long, D. (1993) Osakakotoba no tokucho [Characteristics of Osaka Dialect]. Osaka: Izumi Shoten.
Pennycook, A. (2007) Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows. London: Routledge.
Pietikäinen, S., Kelly-Holmes, H., Jaffe, A. and Coupland, N. (2016) Sociolinguistics from the Periphery: Small Languages in New Circumstances. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richardson, K. (2010) Television Dramatic Dialogue: A Sociolinguistic Study. New York: Oxford University Press.
Roberson, J. (1998) Japanese Working Class Lives: An Ethnographic Study of Factory Workers. London: Routledge.
Roberson, J. (2003) Japanese working-class masculinities: marginalized complicity. In J. Roberson and N. Suzuki (eds) Men and Masculinities in Contemporary Japan: Dislocating the salaryman doxa 126–43. New York: RoutledgeCurzon.
Sakai, N. (1992) Voices of the Past: The Status of Language in Eighteenth-Century Japanese Discourse. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Saladin, R. (2015) Between gyaru-o and s?shokukei danshi: body discourses in lifestyle magazines for young Japanese men. Contemporary Japan: 27(1): 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1515/cj-2015-0004
Sat?, M. (2000) Osakaben no seishin [The spirit of Osaka dialect]. Gengo 29(1): 60–65.
Shibamoto, J. (1985) Japanese Women’s Language. London: Academic Press.
Shibamoto Smith, J. S. and Occhi, D. J. (2009) The green leaves of love: Japanese romantic heroines, authentic femininity, and dialect. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13(4): 524–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00422.x
Shwalb, D. W. and Nakazawa, J. (2013) Fathering in Japan: entering an era of involvement with children. In D. Shwalb, B. Shwalb and M. Lamb (eds) Fathers in Cultural Context 42–67. New York: Routledge.
SturtzSreetharan, C. L. (2004a) Students, salariiman (pl.), and seniors: Japanese men’s use of ‘manly’ speech register. Language in Society 33(1): 81–107.
SturtzSreetharan, C. L. (2004b) Japanese men’s conversational stereotypes and realities: Conversations from the Kanto and Kansai regions. In S. Okamoto and J. S. Shibamoto Smith (eds) Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People 279–89. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
SturtzSreetharan, C. L. (2006) ‘I read the Nikkei, too’: crafting position of authority and masculinity in a Japanese conversation. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 16(2): 173–93.
SturtzSreetharan, C. L. (2009) Ore and Omae: Japanese men’s uses of first- and second-person pronouns. Pragmatics 19(2): 253–78. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.19.2.06stu
SturtzSreetharan, C. L. (2015) Na(a)n ya nen! Making masculinity and making curry in Kansai. Journal of Japanese Language and Literature 49(2): 429–52.
SturtzSreetharan, C. L. (2017a) Academy of devotion: performing status, hierarchy, and masculinity on reality TV. Gender and Language 11(2): 176–203.
SturtzSreetharan, C. L. (2017b) Resignifying the Japanese father: mediatization, commodification and dialect. Language and Communication 53: 45–58.
Tanaka, K. (2003) The language of Japanese men’s magazines: young men who don’t want to get hurt. In B. Benwell (ed.) Masculinity and men’s lifestyle magazines 222–42. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Tomosada, K. (1995) Kansai ben wa h?gen o heny? saseru ka [Will Kansai dialect change another dialect?]. Gengo Bessatsu 24: 122–35.
Tomosada, K. and Jin’nouchi, M. (2004) Kansai H?gen, Kansaiteki komyunik?shon no hirogari ga imisuru mono [On the diffusion of the Kansai dialect and the Kansai way of speaking among youth in Japan]. The Japanese Journal of Language in Society 7(1): 84–91.
Trudgill, P. (1974) The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Vogel, E. (1971) Japan’s New Middle Class: The Salary Man and his Family in a Tokyo Suburb. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Published
2017-12-06
Issue
Section
Special Issue Articles
How to Cite
SturtzSreetharan, C. (2017). Language and masculinity: the role of Osaka dialect in contemporary ideals of fatherhood. Gender and Language, 11(4), 552-574. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.31609
