Developments in the linguistic description of Indian English
State of the art
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/lhs.v9i3.249Keywords:
Indian English, phonology, grammar, lexis, lexicogrammar, pragmaticsAbstract
This article provides a survey of the developments that have taken place in the description of Indian English in the past two centuries, with particular attention to the phenomena of language (e.g. phonology, lexicogrammar, and pragmatics) that have been examined from a descriptive perspective. The evolution of English in India through centuries of use, first during the colonial period and then as the “associate official language” of independent India, stimulated the development of descriptions of all aspects of the language. The critical review in this article, however, demonstrates that the linguistic descriptions except those in relation to society are scant and the often-made intuitive observation that IndE is extensively studied does not apply to the description of linguistic phenomena. While providing lists of features based on impressionistic or small-scale data dominated the later part of the 20th century, the focus of current research has shifted to corpus-based and quantitative investigations. This article explores the systems of IndE that have been studied in descriptive research, shows that the attitude towards linguistic descriptions is linked to the growth and use of English over time, and aims to stimulate further research by posing key questions that need to be answered.
References
Abbi, A. (1994) Semantic Universals in Indian Languages. Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
Agnihotri, R. K. (1992) Acquisition of articles in learning English as a second language: A cross-cultural study. In O. N. Koul (ed.) English in India: Theoretical and Applied Issues, 179–192. New Delhi: Creative Publishers.
Agnihotri, R. K. (1994) Sound patterns of Indian English. In In R. K. Agnihotri and A. L. Khanna (eds) Second Language Acquisition: Socio-cultural and Linguistic Aspects of English in India, 235–246. New Delhi and London: Sage.
Agnihotri, R. K. (1999) Reports: India: English in India. In R. Singh (ed.) The Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics, 184–197. New Delhi, London: Sage.
Agnihotri, R. K. and Khanna, A. L. (eds) (1994) Second Language Acquisition: Socio-cultural and Linguistic Aspects of English in India. New Delhi, London: Sage.
Agnihotri, R. K., Khanna, A. L. and Mukherjee, A. (1980) Six-monthly Report of ICSSR Project on Variations in the Use of Some English Grammatical Forms: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. New Delhi: ICSSR.
Agnihotri, R. K., Khanna A. L. and Mukherjee, A. (1988) Tense in Indian English: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
Agnihotri, R. K., Khanna, A. L. and Mukherjee, A. (1994) The use of articles in Indian English: Errors and pedagogical implications. In R. K. Agnihotri and A. L. Khanna (eds) Second Language Acquisition: Socio-cultural and Linguistic Aspects of English in India, 178–197. New Delhi and London: Sage.
Agnihotri, R. K. and Sahgal, A. (1985) Is Indian English retroflexed and r-full? Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics 11: 97–109.
Annamalai, E. (2006) India: Language situation. In K. Brown (ed.) Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, 610–613. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Bakshi, R. N. (1991) Indian English. English Today 7: 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266078400005757
Balasubramanian, C. (2009) Register Variation in Indian English. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
Balasubramanian, T. (1972–1973) The vowels of Tamil and English. CIEFL Bulletin 9: 27–34.
Balasubramanian, T. (1975) Stress and rhythm in English and Tamil – a study in contrast. CIEFL Bulletin 9: 1–13.
Bansal, R. K. (1970–1971) A phonetic analysis of English spoken by a group of well-educated speakers from Uttar Pradesh. Bulletin of CIE 8: 1–11.
Bansal, R. K. (1976) The Intelligibility of Indian English. Monograph No 4. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Bansal, R. K. (1978) The phonology of Indian English. In R. Mohan (ed.) Indian Writing in English, 101–113. Madras: Orient Longman.
Bansal, R. K. (1990) The pronunciation of English in India. In S. Ramsaran (ed.) Studies in Pronunciation of English: A Commemorative Volume in Honour of A.C. Gimson, 219–230. London: Routledge.
Bansal, R. K and Harrison, J. B. (1972) Spoken English for India: A Manual of Speech and Phonetics. Bombay: Orient Longman.
Baumgardner, R. J. (ed.) (1996) South Asian English: Structure, Use, and Users. Urbana, Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Bhatt, R. M. (2000) Optimal expressions in Indian English. English Language and Linguistics 4 (1): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1360674300000149
Bolton, Kingsley and Kachru, B. B. (eds) (2006) World Englishes, Vols 1–6. London and New York: Routledge.
Cardona, G. and Jain, D. (2003) Indo-Aryan Languages. London and New York: Routledge.
Chand, V. (2010) Postvocalic (r) in urban Indian English. English World-Wide 31 (1): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.31.1.01cha
CIEFL (1972) The Sound System of Indian English. Monograph No. 7. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Columbus, G. (2009) A corpus-based analysis of invariant tags in five varieties of English. In A. Renouf and A. Kehoe (eds) Corpus Linguistics: Refinements and Reassessments, 401–414. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi.
Columbus, G. (2010) A comparative analysis of invariant tags in three varieties of English. English World-Wide 31 (3): 288–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.31.3.03col
Crystal, D. (2008) Two thousand million?: Updates on the statistics of English. English Today 24 (1): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266078408000023
Das, S. (2001) Some Aspects of the Prosodic Phonology of Tripura Bangla and Tripura Bangla English. PhD dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Dhamija, P. V. (1976) A Phonological Analysis of Rajasthani English. M.Litt. dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
D’souza, J. (1991) Speech acts in Indian English fiction. World Englishes 10 (3): 307–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00165.x
D’souza, J. (2006) Indian English: some myths, some realities. In K. Bolton and B. B. Kachru (eds) World Englishes, Vol. 1, 311–323. London and New York: Routledge.
Dua, H. R. (1996) The spread of English in India: Politics of language conflict and language power. In J. A. Fishman, A. W. Conrad and A. Rubal-Lopez (eds) Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940–1990, 557–588. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Dubey, V. S. (1991) The lexical style of Indian English newspapers. World Englishes 10 (1): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00134.x
Evans, S. (2002) Macaulay’s Minute revisited: Colonial language policy in nineteenth-century India. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 23 (4): 260–282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434630208666469
Firth, A. (1996) The discursive accomplishment of normality: On ‘lingua franca’ English and conversation analysis. Journal of Pragmatics 26 (2): 237–259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(96)00014-8
Gargesh, R. (2006) South Asian Englishes. In B. B. Kachru, Y. Kachru and C. L. Nelson (eds) The Handbook of World English, 90–113. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Gimson, A. C. (1980) An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English. 2nd Edition. London: Edward Arnold.
Gokhale, S. B. (1978) A Study of Intonation Patterns in Marathi and Marathi English. M.Litt. dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Graddol, D. (2010) English Next India: The Future of English in India. British Council.
Gumperz, J., Jupp, T. and Roberts, C. (1979) Crosstalk: A Study of Cross-cultural Communication. Southall: NCILT.
Halliday, M. A. K and Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2004) An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd edn). London: Hodder Arnold.
Hoffmann, S. and Mukherjee, J. (2007) Ditransitive verbs in Indian English and British English: A corpus-linguistic study. Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik 32 (1): 5–24.
Hoffmann, S., Hundt, M. and Mukherjee, J. (2011) Indian English – an emerging epicentre? A pilot study on light verbs in web-derived corpora of South Asian Englishes. Anglia 129 (3–4): 258–280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/angl.2011.083
Hosali, P. (2000) Butler English: Form and Function. New Delhi: B.R. Publication Corporation.
Hosali, P. (2004) Butler English: Morphology and syntax. In B. Kortmann, K. Burridge, R. Mesthrie, E. W. Schneider and C. Upton (eds) A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 2: Morphology & Syntax, 1031–1044. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Jacob, G. (1998) Indian English: Certain lexical and grammatical variations. Modern English Teacher 7 (4): 15–19.
Jenkins, J., Cogo, A. and Dewey, M. (2011) Review of developments of research into English as a lingua franca. Language Teaching 44 (3): 281–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0261444811000115
Kachru, B. B. (1965) The Indianness of Indian English. Word 21: 391–410.
Kachru, B. B. (1983) The Indianization of English: The English Language in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Kachru, B. B. (1985) Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In R. Quirk and H. G. Widdowson (eds) English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures, 11–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, The British Council.
Kachru, B. B. (1994) English in South Asia. In R. Burchfield (ed.) The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Developments, 497–553. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kachru, B. B, Kachru, Y. and Nelson, C. L. (eds) (2006) The Handbook of World English. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Kachru, Y. (1980) Aspects of Hindi Grammar. New Delhi: Manohar Publications.
Kachru, Y. (1991) Speech acts in world Englishes: Towards a framework for research. World Englishes 10 (3): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00164.x
Kachru, Y. (2003) On definite reference in world Englishes. World Englishes 22 (4): 497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.2003.00315.x
Kelkar, A. R. (1957) Marathi English: A study in foreign accent. Word 13 (2): 268–282.
Kindersley, A. F. (1938) Notes on the Indian idiom of English: Style, syntax and vocabulary. Transactions of the Philological Society 37 (1): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968X.1938.tb00952.x
Kirkpatrick, A. (ed.) (2010) The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. London: Routledge.
Kortmann, B., K. Burridge, R. Mesthrie, E. W. Schneider and C. Upton (eds) (2004) A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 2: Morphology & Syntax. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Krishnaswamy, N. and Burde, A. S. (1998) The Politics of Indian’s English: Linguistic Colonialism and the Expanding Empire. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Kumar, A. (2009) Mood, Transitivity and Theme in Bajjika in a Typological Perspective: A Text-based Description. PhD thesis. Sydney: Macquarie University.
Labov, W. (1966) The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Labov, W. (1972) Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Lange, C. (2007) Focus marking in Indian English. English World-Wide 28: 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.28.1.05lan
Latha, P. (1978) Intonation of Malayalam and Malayalee English: A Study of Comparison and Contrast. M.Litt. dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Leitner, G. (1983) Indian English: A critique of the ethnography of speaking. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 44: 153–167.
Leitner, G. (1994) Begin and start in British, American, and Indian English, Hermes 13: 99–122
Leitner, G. (1991) The Kolhapur Corpus of Indian English – intra-varietal description and/or intervarietal comparison. In S. Johansson and A.-B. Stenström (eds) English Computer Corpora: Selected Papers and Research Guide, 215–232. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110865967.215
Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (1999) The system of TRANSITIVITY: An exploratory study of text-based profiles. Functions of Language 6 (1): 1–51.
Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2006a) Educating for advanced foreign language capacities: Exploring the meaning-making resources of languages systemic-functionally. In H. Byrnes (ed.) Advanced Instructed Language Learning: The Complementary Contribution of Halliday and Vygotsky, 31–57. London, New York: Continuum.
Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2006b) Frequency profiles of some basic grammatical systems: An interim report. In S. Hunston and G. Thompson (eds) System and Corpus: Exploring Connections, 103–142. London: Equinox.
Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2013) Register in the round: Registerial cartography. Functional Linguistics 1(1).
Mauranen, A. (2010) Discourse reflexivity – A discourse universal? The case of ELF. Nordic Journal of English Studies 9 (2): 13–40.
Mehrotra, R. R. (1995) How to be polite in Indian English. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 116 (1): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1995.116.99
Mukherjee, J. (2010) Corpus-based insights into verb-complementational innovations in Indian English: Cases of nativised semantico-structural analogy. In A. N. Lenz and A. Plewnia (eds) Grammar Between Norm and Variation, 219–241. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Mukherjee, J. and Hoffmann, S. (2006) Describing verb-complementational profiles of New Englishes. English World-Wide 27 (2): 147–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.27.2.03muk
Murthy, S. (1981) A Study of the Attitudinal Function of Intonation in Kannada. M.Litt. Dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Nair, N. G. (1996) Indian English Phonology: A Case Study of Malayalee English. New Delhi: Prestige Books.
Nihalani, P., Tongue, R. K. and Hosali, P. (1979) Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Nihalani, P., Tongue, R. K., Hosali, P. and Crowther, J. (2004) Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Olavarría de Ersson, E. and Shaw, P. (2003) Verb complementation patterns in Indian Standard English. English World-Wide 24 (2): 137–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.24.2.02ers
Pandey, P. (1980) Stress in Hindustani English. M.Litt. dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Pandey, P. (1994) On a description of the phonology of Indian English. In R. K. Agnihotri and A. L. Khanna (eds) Second Language Acquisition: Socio-cultural and Linguistic Aspects of English in India, 198–204. New Delhi and London: Sage.
Pandharipande, R. (1992) Defining politeness in Indian English. World Englishes 11 (2–3): 241–250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1992.tb00068.x
Pandharipande, R. (1997) Marathi. London and New York: Routledge.
Parasher, S. V. (1983) Indian English: Certain grammatical, lexical and stylistic features. English World-Wide 4 (1): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.4.1.04par
Parasher, S. V. (1991) Indian English: Functions and Form. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
Parasher, S. V. (1994) Indian English: certain grammatical, lexical and stylistic features. In R. K. Agnihotri and A. L. Khanna (eds) Second Language Acquisition: Socio-cultural and Linguistic Aspects of English in India, 145–164. New Delhi and London: Sage.
Prabhakar Babu, B. A. (1971) Prosodic Features in Indian English: Stress, Rhythm and Intonation. Research Diploma dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Prabhakar Babu, B. A. (1974) A Phonological Study of English Spoken by Telugu Speakers in Andhra Pradesh. PhD thesis. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Premlatha, M. (1978) The Vowels of Malayalee English: A Generative Phonological Study. M.Litt. dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and Svartvik, J. (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London and New York: Longman.
Rao, S. G. (1954) Indian Words in English: A Study in Indo-British Cultural and Linguistic Relations. London: Clarendon.
Robarts, T. T. (1800) An Indian Glossary Consisting of Some Thousand Words and Forms Commonly Used in The East Indies … Extremely Serviceable in Assisting Strangers to Acquire with Ease and Quickness the Language of that Country. London: Murray and Highley.
Rubdy, R. (1975) A Phonological Analysis of English Spoken by Ten Marathi Speakers from Maharashtra. M.Litt. dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Sahgal, A. and Agnihotri, R. K. (1988) Indian English phonology: A sociolinguistic perspective. English World-Wide 9: 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.9.1.04sah
Sailaja, P. (2009) Indian English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Sand, A. (2004) Shared morpho-syntactic features in contact varieties of English: Article use. World Englishes 23 (2): 281–298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0883-2919.2004.00352.x
Schilk, M. (2011) Structural Nativization in Indian English Lexicogrammar. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
Schneider, E. W. (2003) The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79 (2): 233–281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2003.0136
Schneider, E. W. (2004) How to trace structural nativization: Particle verbs in World Englishes. World Englishes 23 (2): 227–249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0883-2919.2004.00348.x
Schneider, E. W. (2006) English in North America. In Kachru, B. B, Kachru, Y. and Nelson, C. L. (eds) (2006) The Handbook of World English, 58–73. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Schneider, E. W. (2007) Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618901
Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Kortmann, B., Mesthrie, R. and Upton, C. (eds) (2004) A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Sedlatschek, A. (2009) Contemporary Indian English. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
Sethi, J. (1976) English Spoken by Educated Punjabi Speakers in India: A Phonological Study. PhD thesis. Chandigarh: Punjabi University.
Sethi, J. (1980) Word accent in educated Punjabi speakers’ English. Bulletin of the Central Institute of English 16 (2): 31–55.
Sharma, D. (2001) The pluperfect in native and non-native English: A comparative corpus study. Language vatiation and Change 13 (3): 343–373.
Shastri, S.V. (1988) The Kolhapur corpus of Indian English and work done on its basis so far. ICAME Journal 12: 15–26.
Sridhar, K. K. (1991) Speech acts in an indigenized variety: Sociocultural values and language variation. In J. Cheshire (ed.) English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, 308–318. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sridhar, S. N. (1990) Kannada. New York: Routledge.
Sridhar, S. N. (1996) Toward a syntax of South Asian English: Defining the lectal range. In R. J. Baumgardner (ed.) South Asian English: Structure, Use, and Users, 55–69. Urbana, Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Subrahmanian, K. (1978) My Mrs. is Indian”. Anthropological Linguistics 20 (6): 295–296.
Tinkhan, T. (1993) Sociocultural variation in Indian English speech acts. World Englishes 12 (2): 239–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1993.tb00024.x
Valentine, T. M. (1991) Getting the message across: Discourse markers in Indian English. World Englishes 10 (3): 325–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00167.x
Verma (1982) [to come] Vijaykrishnan, K. G. (1978) Stress in Tamilian English. M.Litt. dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Wilson, H. H. (1855) A Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms and Useful Words Occurring in Official Documents, Relating to the Administration of the Government of British India. London: W. H. Allen.
Wiltshire, C. R. (2005) The ‘Indian English’ of Tibeto-Burman Language speakers. English World-Wide 26 (3): 275–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.26.3.03wil
Yule, H. and Burnell A. (1886) Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymology, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. New Edition by W. Crooke, 1903. London: J. Murray.
Agnihotri, R. K. (1992) Acquisition of articles in learning English as a second language: A cross-cultural study. In O. N. Koul (ed.) English in India: Theoretical and Applied Issues, 179–192. New Delhi: Creative Publishers.
Agnihotri, R. K. (1994) Sound patterns of Indian English. In In R. K. Agnihotri and A. L. Khanna (eds) Second Language Acquisition: Socio-cultural and Linguistic Aspects of English in India, 235–246. New Delhi and London: Sage.
Agnihotri, R. K. (1999) Reports: India: English in India. In R. Singh (ed.) The Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics, 184–197. New Delhi, London: Sage.
Agnihotri, R. K. and Khanna, A. L. (eds) (1994) Second Language Acquisition: Socio-cultural and Linguistic Aspects of English in India. New Delhi, London: Sage.
Agnihotri, R. K., Khanna, A. L. and Mukherjee, A. (1980) Six-monthly Report of ICSSR Project on Variations in the Use of Some English Grammatical Forms: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. New Delhi: ICSSR.
Agnihotri, R. K., Khanna A. L. and Mukherjee, A. (1988) Tense in Indian English: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
Agnihotri, R. K., Khanna, A. L. and Mukherjee, A. (1994) The use of articles in Indian English: Errors and pedagogical implications. In R. K. Agnihotri and A. L. Khanna (eds) Second Language Acquisition: Socio-cultural and Linguistic Aspects of English in India, 178–197. New Delhi and London: Sage.
Agnihotri, R. K. and Sahgal, A. (1985) Is Indian English retroflexed and r-full? Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics 11: 97–109.
Annamalai, E. (2006) India: Language situation. In K. Brown (ed.) Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, 610–613. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Bakshi, R. N. (1991) Indian English. English Today 7: 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266078400005757
Balasubramanian, C. (2009) Register Variation in Indian English. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
Balasubramanian, T. (1972–1973) The vowels of Tamil and English. CIEFL Bulletin 9: 27–34.
Balasubramanian, T. (1975) Stress and rhythm in English and Tamil – a study in contrast. CIEFL Bulletin 9: 1–13.
Bansal, R. K. (1970–1971) A phonetic analysis of English spoken by a group of well-educated speakers from Uttar Pradesh. Bulletin of CIE 8: 1–11.
Bansal, R. K. (1976) The Intelligibility of Indian English. Monograph No 4. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Bansal, R. K. (1978) The phonology of Indian English. In R. Mohan (ed.) Indian Writing in English, 101–113. Madras: Orient Longman.
Bansal, R. K. (1990) The pronunciation of English in India. In S. Ramsaran (ed.) Studies in Pronunciation of English: A Commemorative Volume in Honour of A.C. Gimson, 219–230. London: Routledge.
Bansal, R. K and Harrison, J. B. (1972) Spoken English for India: A Manual of Speech and Phonetics. Bombay: Orient Longman.
Baumgardner, R. J. (ed.) (1996) South Asian English: Structure, Use, and Users. Urbana, Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Bhatt, R. M. (2000) Optimal expressions in Indian English. English Language and Linguistics 4 (1): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1360674300000149
Bolton, Kingsley and Kachru, B. B. (eds) (2006) World Englishes, Vols 1–6. London and New York: Routledge.
Cardona, G. and Jain, D. (2003) Indo-Aryan Languages. London and New York: Routledge.
Chand, V. (2010) Postvocalic (r) in urban Indian English. English World-Wide 31 (1): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.31.1.01cha
CIEFL (1972) The Sound System of Indian English. Monograph No. 7. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Columbus, G. (2009) A corpus-based analysis of invariant tags in five varieties of English. In A. Renouf and A. Kehoe (eds) Corpus Linguistics: Refinements and Reassessments, 401–414. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi.
Columbus, G. (2010) A comparative analysis of invariant tags in three varieties of English. English World-Wide 31 (3): 288–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.31.3.03col
Crystal, D. (2008) Two thousand million?: Updates on the statistics of English. English Today 24 (1): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266078408000023
Das, S. (2001) Some Aspects of the Prosodic Phonology of Tripura Bangla and Tripura Bangla English. PhD dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Dhamija, P. V. (1976) A Phonological Analysis of Rajasthani English. M.Litt. dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
D’souza, J. (1991) Speech acts in Indian English fiction. World Englishes 10 (3): 307–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00165.x
D’souza, J. (2006) Indian English: some myths, some realities. In K. Bolton and B. B. Kachru (eds) World Englishes, Vol. 1, 311–323. London and New York: Routledge.
Dua, H. R. (1996) The spread of English in India: Politics of language conflict and language power. In J. A. Fishman, A. W. Conrad and A. Rubal-Lopez (eds) Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940–1990, 557–588. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Dubey, V. S. (1991) The lexical style of Indian English newspapers. World Englishes 10 (1): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00134.x
Evans, S. (2002) Macaulay’s Minute revisited: Colonial language policy in nineteenth-century India. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 23 (4): 260–282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434630208666469
Firth, A. (1996) The discursive accomplishment of normality: On ‘lingua franca’ English and conversation analysis. Journal of Pragmatics 26 (2): 237–259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(96)00014-8
Gargesh, R. (2006) South Asian Englishes. In B. B. Kachru, Y. Kachru and C. L. Nelson (eds) The Handbook of World English, 90–113. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Gimson, A. C. (1980) An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English. 2nd Edition. London: Edward Arnold.
Gokhale, S. B. (1978) A Study of Intonation Patterns in Marathi and Marathi English. M.Litt. dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Graddol, D. (2010) English Next India: The Future of English in India. British Council.
Gumperz, J., Jupp, T. and Roberts, C. (1979) Crosstalk: A Study of Cross-cultural Communication. Southall: NCILT.
Halliday, M. A. K and Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2004) An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd edn). London: Hodder Arnold.
Hoffmann, S. and Mukherjee, J. (2007) Ditransitive verbs in Indian English and British English: A corpus-linguistic study. Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik 32 (1): 5–24.
Hoffmann, S., Hundt, M. and Mukherjee, J. (2011) Indian English – an emerging epicentre? A pilot study on light verbs in web-derived corpora of South Asian Englishes. Anglia 129 (3–4): 258–280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/angl.2011.083
Hosali, P. (2000) Butler English: Form and Function. New Delhi: B.R. Publication Corporation.
Hosali, P. (2004) Butler English: Morphology and syntax. In B. Kortmann, K. Burridge, R. Mesthrie, E. W. Schneider and C. Upton (eds) A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 2: Morphology & Syntax, 1031–1044. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Jacob, G. (1998) Indian English: Certain lexical and grammatical variations. Modern English Teacher 7 (4): 15–19.
Jenkins, J., Cogo, A. and Dewey, M. (2011) Review of developments of research into English as a lingua franca. Language Teaching 44 (3): 281–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0261444811000115
Kachru, B. B. (1965) The Indianness of Indian English. Word 21: 391–410.
Kachru, B. B. (1983) The Indianization of English: The English Language in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Kachru, B. B. (1985) Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In R. Quirk and H. G. Widdowson (eds) English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures, 11–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, The British Council.
Kachru, B. B. (1994) English in South Asia. In R. Burchfield (ed.) The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Developments, 497–553. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kachru, B. B, Kachru, Y. and Nelson, C. L. (eds) (2006) The Handbook of World English. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Kachru, Y. (1980) Aspects of Hindi Grammar. New Delhi: Manohar Publications.
Kachru, Y. (1991) Speech acts in world Englishes: Towards a framework for research. World Englishes 10 (3): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00164.x
Kachru, Y. (2003) On definite reference in world Englishes. World Englishes 22 (4): 497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.2003.00315.x
Kelkar, A. R. (1957) Marathi English: A study in foreign accent. Word 13 (2): 268–282.
Kindersley, A. F. (1938) Notes on the Indian idiom of English: Style, syntax and vocabulary. Transactions of the Philological Society 37 (1): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968X.1938.tb00952.x
Kirkpatrick, A. (ed.) (2010) The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. London: Routledge.
Kortmann, B., K. Burridge, R. Mesthrie, E. W. Schneider and C. Upton (eds) (2004) A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 2: Morphology & Syntax. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Krishnaswamy, N. and Burde, A. S. (1998) The Politics of Indian’s English: Linguistic Colonialism and the Expanding Empire. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Kumar, A. (2009) Mood, Transitivity and Theme in Bajjika in a Typological Perspective: A Text-based Description. PhD thesis. Sydney: Macquarie University.
Labov, W. (1966) The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Labov, W. (1972) Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Lange, C. (2007) Focus marking in Indian English. English World-Wide 28: 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.28.1.05lan
Latha, P. (1978) Intonation of Malayalam and Malayalee English: A Study of Comparison and Contrast. M.Litt. dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Leitner, G. (1983) Indian English: A critique of the ethnography of speaking. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 44: 153–167.
Leitner, G. (1994) Begin and start in British, American, and Indian English, Hermes 13: 99–122
Leitner, G. (1991) The Kolhapur Corpus of Indian English – intra-varietal description and/or intervarietal comparison. In S. Johansson and A.-B. Stenström (eds) English Computer Corpora: Selected Papers and Research Guide, 215–232. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110865967.215
Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (1999) The system of TRANSITIVITY: An exploratory study of text-based profiles. Functions of Language 6 (1): 1–51.
Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2006a) Educating for advanced foreign language capacities: Exploring the meaning-making resources of languages systemic-functionally. In H. Byrnes (ed.) Advanced Instructed Language Learning: The Complementary Contribution of Halliday and Vygotsky, 31–57. London, New York: Continuum.
Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2006b) Frequency profiles of some basic grammatical systems: An interim report. In S. Hunston and G. Thompson (eds) System and Corpus: Exploring Connections, 103–142. London: Equinox.
Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2013) Register in the round: Registerial cartography. Functional Linguistics 1(1).
Mauranen, A. (2010) Discourse reflexivity – A discourse universal? The case of ELF. Nordic Journal of English Studies 9 (2): 13–40.
Mehrotra, R. R. (1995) How to be polite in Indian English. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 116 (1): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1995.116.99
Mukherjee, J. (2010) Corpus-based insights into verb-complementational innovations in Indian English: Cases of nativised semantico-structural analogy. In A. N. Lenz and A. Plewnia (eds) Grammar Between Norm and Variation, 219–241. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Mukherjee, J. and Hoffmann, S. (2006) Describing verb-complementational profiles of New Englishes. English World-Wide 27 (2): 147–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.27.2.03muk
Murthy, S. (1981) A Study of the Attitudinal Function of Intonation in Kannada. M.Litt. Dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Nair, N. G. (1996) Indian English Phonology: A Case Study of Malayalee English. New Delhi: Prestige Books.
Nihalani, P., Tongue, R. K. and Hosali, P. (1979) Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Nihalani, P., Tongue, R. K., Hosali, P. and Crowther, J. (2004) Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Olavarría de Ersson, E. and Shaw, P. (2003) Verb complementation patterns in Indian Standard English. English World-Wide 24 (2): 137–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.24.2.02ers
Pandey, P. (1980) Stress in Hindustani English. M.Litt. dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Pandey, P. (1994) On a description of the phonology of Indian English. In R. K. Agnihotri and A. L. Khanna (eds) Second Language Acquisition: Socio-cultural and Linguistic Aspects of English in India, 198–204. New Delhi and London: Sage.
Pandharipande, R. (1992) Defining politeness in Indian English. World Englishes 11 (2–3): 241–250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1992.tb00068.x
Pandharipande, R. (1997) Marathi. London and New York: Routledge.
Parasher, S. V. (1983) Indian English: Certain grammatical, lexical and stylistic features. English World-Wide 4 (1): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.4.1.04par
Parasher, S. V. (1991) Indian English: Functions and Form. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
Parasher, S. V. (1994) Indian English: certain grammatical, lexical and stylistic features. In R. K. Agnihotri and A. L. Khanna (eds) Second Language Acquisition: Socio-cultural and Linguistic Aspects of English in India, 145–164. New Delhi and London: Sage.
Prabhakar Babu, B. A. (1971) Prosodic Features in Indian English: Stress, Rhythm and Intonation. Research Diploma dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Prabhakar Babu, B. A. (1974) A Phonological Study of English Spoken by Telugu Speakers in Andhra Pradesh. PhD thesis. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Premlatha, M. (1978) The Vowels of Malayalee English: A Generative Phonological Study. M.Litt. dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and Svartvik, J. (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London and New York: Longman.
Rao, S. G. (1954) Indian Words in English: A Study in Indo-British Cultural and Linguistic Relations. London: Clarendon.
Robarts, T. T. (1800) An Indian Glossary Consisting of Some Thousand Words and Forms Commonly Used in The East Indies … Extremely Serviceable in Assisting Strangers to Acquire with Ease and Quickness the Language of that Country. London: Murray and Highley.
Rubdy, R. (1975) A Phonological Analysis of English Spoken by Ten Marathi Speakers from Maharashtra. M.Litt. dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Sahgal, A. and Agnihotri, R. K. (1988) Indian English phonology: A sociolinguistic perspective. English World-Wide 9: 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.9.1.04sah
Sailaja, P. (2009) Indian English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Sand, A. (2004) Shared morpho-syntactic features in contact varieties of English: Article use. World Englishes 23 (2): 281–298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0883-2919.2004.00352.x
Schilk, M. (2011) Structural Nativization in Indian English Lexicogrammar. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
Schneider, E. W. (2003) The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79 (2): 233–281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2003.0136
Schneider, E. W. (2004) How to trace structural nativization: Particle verbs in World Englishes. World Englishes 23 (2): 227–249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0883-2919.2004.00348.x
Schneider, E. W. (2006) English in North America. In Kachru, B. B, Kachru, Y. and Nelson, C. L. (eds) (2006) The Handbook of World English, 58–73. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Schneider, E. W. (2007) Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618901
Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Kortmann, B., Mesthrie, R. and Upton, C. (eds) (2004) A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Sedlatschek, A. (2009) Contemporary Indian English. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
Sethi, J. (1976) English Spoken by Educated Punjabi Speakers in India: A Phonological Study. PhD thesis. Chandigarh: Punjabi University.
Sethi, J. (1980) Word accent in educated Punjabi speakers’ English. Bulletin of the Central Institute of English 16 (2): 31–55.
Sharma, D. (2001) The pluperfect in native and non-native English: A comparative corpus study. Language vatiation and Change 13 (3): 343–373.
Shastri, S.V. (1988) The Kolhapur corpus of Indian English and work done on its basis so far. ICAME Journal 12: 15–26.
Sridhar, K. K. (1991) Speech acts in an indigenized variety: Sociocultural values and language variation. In J. Cheshire (ed.) English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, 308–318. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sridhar, S. N. (1990) Kannada. New York: Routledge.
Sridhar, S. N. (1996) Toward a syntax of South Asian English: Defining the lectal range. In R. J. Baumgardner (ed.) South Asian English: Structure, Use, and Users, 55–69. Urbana, Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Subrahmanian, K. (1978) My Mrs. is Indian”. Anthropological Linguistics 20 (6): 295–296.
Tinkhan, T. (1993) Sociocultural variation in Indian English speech acts. World Englishes 12 (2): 239–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1993.tb00024.x
Valentine, T. M. (1991) Getting the message across: Discourse markers in Indian English. World Englishes 10 (3): 325–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00167.x
Verma (1982) [to come] Vijaykrishnan, K. G. (1978) Stress in Tamilian English. M.Litt. dissertation. Hyderabad: CIEFL.
Wilson, H. H. (1855) A Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms and Useful Words Occurring in Official Documents, Relating to the Administration of the Government of British India. London: W. H. Allen.
Wiltshire, C. R. (2005) The ‘Indian English’ of Tibeto-Burman Language speakers. English World-Wide 26 (3): 275–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.26.3.03wil
Yule, H. and Burnell A. (1886) Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymology, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. New Edition by W. Crooke, 1903. London: J. Murray.
Published
2014-06-03
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Kashyap, A. K. (2014). Developments in the linguistic description of Indian English: State of the art. Linguistics and the Human Sciences, 9(3), 249-275. https://doi.org/10.1558/lhs.v9i3.249
