Polyphony in Appraisal
typological and topological perspectives
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/lhs.v3i2.107Keywords:
Apraisal, Evaluation, Polyphony, Typology, Topology, Attitude, Affect, Graduation, Engagement, Modality, SubjectivityAbstract
This paper examines the concept of polyphony in Appraisal (evaluation) - the combining (e.g. fusing or blending) of different kinds of Appraisal systems or sub-systems.It identifies and describes four different types of polyphonic phenomena: 1) Fused Appraisals 2) Invoked Apraisals 3) Border phenomena 4) Appraisal blends In so doing, this paper provides a preliminary systematisation of such phenomena, in some cases offering an alternative description to those currently available. It also discusses the adequacy of typology and topology in classifying Appraisal and provides a theoretical background to the multiple coding practices in the analysis of Appraisal.
References
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Bednarek, M. (2006) Evaluation in Media Discourse. Analysis of a Newspaper Corpus. London/New York: Continuum.
Bednarek, M. (2008a) Emotion Talk Across Corpora. Houndmills, Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bednarek, M. (2008b) ‘An increasingly familiar tragedy’: evaluative collocation and conflation. Functions of Language 15(1): 7–34.
Bednarek, M. (forthcoming) Language patterns and attitude. Functions of Language.
Bakhtin, M. (1973) Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics. (Translated by R. W. Rotsel.) Ann Arbor: Ardis.
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S. and Finegan, E. (1999) Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.
Bloom, K., Garg, N. and Argamon, S. (2007) Extracting appraisal expressions. In Proceedings of HLT/NAACL 2007, April 2007, Rochester, NY. Available to download at http://lingcog.iit.edu/doc/bloom_naacl2007.pdf.
Downes, W. (2000) The language of felt experience: emotional, evaluative and intuitive. Language and Literature 9: 99–121.
Eggins, S. and Slade, D. (1997) Analysing Casual Conversation. London/Washington: Cassell.
Ellsworth, P. C. and Scherer, K. (2003) Appraisal processes in emotion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer and H. Hill Goldsmith (eds) Handbook of Affective Sciences 572–595. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fiehler, R. (1990) Kommunikation und Emotion. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Fiehler, R. (2002) How to do emotions with words: emotionality in conversation. In S. R. Fussell (ed.) The Verbal Communication of Emotions: Interdisciplinary Perspectives 79–106. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum.
Hood, S. (2005) What is evaluated and how in academic research writing? The co-patterning of attitude and field. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics (Series S) 19: 23–40.
Hunston, S. (2003) Pattern grammar, language teaching, and linguistic variation. In R. Reppen, S. M. Fitzmaurice and D. Biber (eds) Using Corpora to Explore Linguistic Variation 167–183. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Irvine, J. (1990) Registering affect: heteroglossia in the linguistic expression of emotion. In C. Lutz and L. Abu-Lughod (eds) Language and the Politics of Emotion 126–163. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kövecses, Z. (2000) Metaphor and Emotion. Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lemke, J. (1998a) Multiplying meaning: visual and verbal semiotics in scientific text. Available to download at http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jaylemke/jll-new.htm (last accessed 24 January 2007). (Published in J. R. Martin and R. Veel (eds) Reading Science 87–113. London: Routledge.)
Lemke, J. L. (1998b) Resources for attitudinal meaning: evaluative orientations in text semantics. Functions of Language 5(1): 33–56.
Lemke, J. (2000) Opening up closure: semiotics across scales. In J. Chandler and G. van de Vijver (eds) Closure: Emergent Organizations and their Dynamics 100–111. New York: New York Academy of Science Press.
Macken-Horarik, M. (2003) Envoi: intractable issues in appraisal analysis? Text 23: 313–319.
Martin, J. R. (1992) Macro-proposals: meaning by degree. In W. C. Mann and S. Thompson (eds) Discourse Description: Diverse Analyses of a Fund Raising Text 359–395. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Martin, J. R. (2000) Beyond exchange: appraisal systems in English. In S. Hunston and G. Thompson (eds) Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse 142–175. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Martin, J. R. (2004) Mourning: how we get aligned. Discourse and Society 15(2)–3: 321–344.
Martin, J. R. and Hood, S. (2007) Invoking attitude. In R. Hasan and C. M. I. M. Matthiessen (eds) Continuing Discourse on Language. A Functional Perspective. Vol. 2. London: Equinox.
Martin, J. R. and Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (1991) Systemic typology and topology. In F. Christie (ed.) Literacy in Social Processes 345–383. Darwin: Centre for Studies in Language in Education, Northern Territory University.
Martin, J. R. and Rose, D. (2003) Working with Discourse: Meaning beyond the Clause. London: Continuum.
Martin, J. R. and White, P. R. R. (2005) The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. London/New York: Palgrave/Macmillan.
OALD Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. (7th edition.) (Used on CD-ROM: Oxford Advanced Learner’s Compass.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Oatley, K., Keltner, D. and Jenkins, J. (2006) Understanding Emotions. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ortony, A., Clore, G. L. and Collins, A. (1988) The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Robinson, J. (2005) Deeper than Reason: Emotion and its Role in Literature, Music, and Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schrauf, R. W. and Sanchez, J. (2004) The preponderance of negative emotion words across generations and across cultures. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 25(2–3): 266–284.
Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D. and O’Connor, C. (1987) Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52: 1061–1086.
Shriver, L. (2006) We Need to Talk About Kevin. Melbourne: The Text Publishing Company.
Sinclair, J. (2004) Trust the Text. Language, Corpus and Discourse. London/New York: Routledge.
Taboada, M. and Grieve, J. (2004) Analyzing appraisal automatically. In AAAI (American Association for Artificial Intelligence) Exploring Attitude and Affect in Text: Theories and Applications. Papers from 2004 AAAI Spring Symposium. Stanford: Stanford Technical Reports.
Thompson, G. and Hunston, S. (2000) Evaluation: an introduction. In S. Hunston and G. Thompson (eds) Evaluation in Text. Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse 1–27. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
White, P. R. R. (1998) Telling Media Tales: The News Story as Rhetoric. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Sydney: Sydney.
White, P. R. R. (2000) Dialogue and inter-subjectivity: reinterpreting the semantics of modality and hedging. In M. Coulthard, J. Cotterill and F. Rock (eds) Dialogue Analysis VII: Working with Dialogue 67–80. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
White, P. R. R. (2001a) Attitude/Affect. Unpublished manuscript (word processor version). Available to download at http://www.grammatics.com/appraisal (last accessed 3 January 2005).
White, P. R. R. (2001b) Attitude/Appreciation. Unpublished manuscript (word processor version). Available to download at http://www.grammatics.com/appraisal (last accessed 3 January 2005).
White, P. R. R. (2001c) An introductory tour through appraisal theory. Unpublished manuscript (word processor version). Available to download at http://www.grammatics. com/appraisal (last accessed 3 January 2005).
White, P. R. R. (2002) Appraisal. In J. Verschueren et al. (eds) Handbook of Pragmatics 1–27. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
White, P. R. R. (2004) Subjectivity, evaluation and point of view in media discourse. In C. Coffin, A. Hewings and K. O’Halloran (eds) Applying English Grammar: Functional and Corpus Approaches 229–246. London: Arnold.
Bednarek, M. (2006) Evaluation in Media Discourse. Analysis of a Newspaper Corpus. London/New York: Continuum.
Bednarek, M. (2008a) Emotion Talk Across Corpora. Houndmills, Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bednarek, M. (2008b) ‘An increasingly familiar tragedy’: evaluative collocation and conflation. Functions of Language 15(1): 7–34.
Bednarek, M. (forthcoming) Language patterns and attitude. Functions of Language.
Bakhtin, M. (1973) Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics. (Translated by R. W. Rotsel.) Ann Arbor: Ardis.
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S. and Finegan, E. (1999) Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.
Bloom, K., Garg, N. and Argamon, S. (2007) Extracting appraisal expressions. In Proceedings of HLT/NAACL 2007, April 2007, Rochester, NY. Available to download at http://lingcog.iit.edu/doc/bloom_naacl2007.pdf.
Downes, W. (2000) The language of felt experience: emotional, evaluative and intuitive. Language and Literature 9: 99–121.
Eggins, S. and Slade, D. (1997) Analysing Casual Conversation. London/Washington: Cassell.
Ellsworth, P. C. and Scherer, K. (2003) Appraisal processes in emotion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer and H. Hill Goldsmith (eds) Handbook of Affective Sciences 572–595. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fiehler, R. (1990) Kommunikation und Emotion. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Fiehler, R. (2002) How to do emotions with words: emotionality in conversation. In S. R. Fussell (ed.) The Verbal Communication of Emotions: Interdisciplinary Perspectives 79–106. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum.
Hood, S. (2005) What is evaluated and how in academic research writing? The co-patterning of attitude and field. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics (Series S) 19: 23–40.
Hunston, S. (2003) Pattern grammar, language teaching, and linguistic variation. In R. Reppen, S. M. Fitzmaurice and D. Biber (eds) Using Corpora to Explore Linguistic Variation 167–183. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Irvine, J. (1990) Registering affect: heteroglossia in the linguistic expression of emotion. In C. Lutz and L. Abu-Lughod (eds) Language and the Politics of Emotion 126–163. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kövecses, Z. (2000) Metaphor and Emotion. Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lemke, J. (1998a) Multiplying meaning: visual and verbal semiotics in scientific text. Available to download at http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jaylemke/jll-new.htm (last accessed 24 January 2007). (Published in J. R. Martin and R. Veel (eds) Reading Science 87–113. London: Routledge.)
Lemke, J. L. (1998b) Resources for attitudinal meaning: evaluative orientations in text semantics. Functions of Language 5(1): 33–56.
Lemke, J. (2000) Opening up closure: semiotics across scales. In J. Chandler and G. van de Vijver (eds) Closure: Emergent Organizations and their Dynamics 100–111. New York: New York Academy of Science Press.
Macken-Horarik, M. (2003) Envoi: intractable issues in appraisal analysis? Text 23: 313–319.
Martin, J. R. (1992) Macro-proposals: meaning by degree. In W. C. Mann and S. Thompson (eds) Discourse Description: Diverse Analyses of a Fund Raising Text 359–395. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Martin, J. R. (2000) Beyond exchange: appraisal systems in English. In S. Hunston and G. Thompson (eds) Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse 142–175. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Martin, J. R. (2004) Mourning: how we get aligned. Discourse and Society 15(2)–3: 321–344.
Martin, J. R. and Hood, S. (2007) Invoking attitude. In R. Hasan and C. M. I. M. Matthiessen (eds) Continuing Discourse on Language. A Functional Perspective. Vol. 2. London: Equinox.
Martin, J. R. and Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (1991) Systemic typology and topology. In F. Christie (ed.) Literacy in Social Processes 345–383. Darwin: Centre for Studies in Language in Education, Northern Territory University.
Martin, J. R. and Rose, D. (2003) Working with Discourse: Meaning beyond the Clause. London: Continuum.
Martin, J. R. and White, P. R. R. (2005) The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. London/New York: Palgrave/Macmillan.
OALD Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. (7th edition.) (Used on CD-ROM: Oxford Advanced Learner’s Compass.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Oatley, K., Keltner, D. and Jenkins, J. (2006) Understanding Emotions. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ortony, A., Clore, G. L. and Collins, A. (1988) The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Robinson, J. (2005) Deeper than Reason: Emotion and its Role in Literature, Music, and Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schrauf, R. W. and Sanchez, J. (2004) The preponderance of negative emotion words across generations and across cultures. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 25(2–3): 266–284.
Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D. and O’Connor, C. (1987) Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52: 1061–1086.
Shriver, L. (2006) We Need to Talk About Kevin. Melbourne: The Text Publishing Company.
Sinclair, J. (2004) Trust the Text. Language, Corpus and Discourse. London/New York: Routledge.
Taboada, M. and Grieve, J. (2004) Analyzing appraisal automatically. In AAAI (American Association for Artificial Intelligence) Exploring Attitude and Affect in Text: Theories and Applications. Papers from 2004 AAAI Spring Symposium. Stanford: Stanford Technical Reports.
Thompson, G. and Hunston, S. (2000) Evaluation: an introduction. In S. Hunston and G. Thompson (eds) Evaluation in Text. Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse 1–27. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
White, P. R. R. (1998) Telling Media Tales: The News Story as Rhetoric. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Sydney: Sydney.
White, P. R. R. (2000) Dialogue and inter-subjectivity: reinterpreting the semantics of modality and hedging. In M. Coulthard, J. Cotterill and F. Rock (eds) Dialogue Analysis VII: Working with Dialogue 67–80. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
White, P. R. R. (2001a) Attitude/Affect. Unpublished manuscript (word processor version). Available to download at http://www.grammatics.com/appraisal (last accessed 3 January 2005).
White, P. R. R. (2001b) Attitude/Appreciation. Unpublished manuscript (word processor version). Available to download at http://www.grammatics.com/appraisal (last accessed 3 January 2005).
White, P. R. R. (2001c) An introductory tour through appraisal theory. Unpublished manuscript (word processor version). Available to download at http://www.grammatics. com/appraisal (last accessed 3 January 2005).
White, P. R. R. (2002) Appraisal. In J. Verschueren et al. (eds) Handbook of Pragmatics 1–27. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
White, P. R. R. (2004) Subjectivity, evaluation and point of view in media discourse. In C. Coffin, A. Hewings and K. O’Halloran (eds) Applying English Grammar: Functional and Corpus Approaches 229–246. London: Arnold.
Published
2010-02-03
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Bednarek, M. (2010). Polyphony in Appraisal: typological and topological perspectives. Linguistics and the Human Sciences, 3(2), 107-136. https://doi.org/10.1558/lhs.v3i2.107
