Transitivity System and Process Types in Persian
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/lhs.v5i1.3Keywords:
transitivity system, ergative model, process types, participant, theme, NegotiatorAbstract
This paper focuses on the ideational function of language and the TRANSITIVITY system of Persian and attempts to give, in general, a functional description of the grammar of the clause as representation and to identify, in particular, different process types and participant roles in Persian. In the identification of the characteristics of Persian experiential grammar, this paper will further focus on the verbal morphology and describe its role in the recognition of different participants in various process types by foregrounding the ways through which the Persian clauses represent some kind of bond or agreement between the process and one experiential participant. This co-relation between the verbal group and the experiential participant will also be illustrated in terms of voice.
References
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Caffarel A. (2006) A Systemic Functional Grammar of French. London: Continuum.
Caffarel A., Martin J. R. and Matthiessen C. M. I. M. (eds) (2004) Language Typology: A Functional Perspective. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Dabir Moqaddam M. (2006a) Majhoul dar zaban-e farsi (Passive in Persian). Studies in Persian Linguistics (Selected Articles). Tehran: Iran University Press.
Dabir Moqaddam M. (2006b) On the (In)dependence of Syntax and Pragmatics: Evidence from the Postposition –ra in Persian. Studies in Persian Linguistics (Selected Articles). Tehran: Iran University Press.
Eggins S. (2004) An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics (second edition). New York: Continuum.
Fawcett R. P. (1988) What makes a good system network good? In J. D. Benson and W. S. Greaves (eds), Systemic Functional Approaches to Discourse. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Ghomeshi J. (2003) Plural marking, indefiniteness and the noun phrase. Studia Linguistica 57 (2): 47?74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9582.00099
Halliday M. A. K. (1966) The concept of rank: A reply. Journal of Linguistics 2 (1): 110?118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022226700001377
Halliday M. A. K. (1967) Intonation and Grammar in British English. The Hague: Mouton.
Halliday M. A. K. (1968) Notes on transitivity and theme in English, Parts 1?3. Journal of Linguistics 3 (1); 3 (2): 4 (2).
Halliday M. A. K. (1973) Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Arnold.
Halliday M. A. K. (1974) Interview with M. A. K. Halliday. In H. Parret (ed.), Discussing Language, 81-120. The Hague: Mouton (Janua Linguarum Series Maior 93).
Halliday M. A. K. (1976) Types of Process. In G. Kress (ed.), Halliday: System and Function in Language, 159-173. London: Oxford University Press.
Halliday M. A. K. (1978) Language as a Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday M. A. K. (1979) Modes of meaning and modes of expression: types of grammatical structure, and their determination by different semantic functions. In D. J. Allerton, E. Carney and D. Holderoft (eds), Function and Context in Linguistic Analysis: Essays Offered to William Haas, 57?79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Process.
Halliday M. A. K. (1981a) Text semantics and clause grammar: some patterns of realisation. In J. E. Copeland and P. W. Davis (eds), The Seventh LACUS Forum, 31?49. Columbia, SC: Hornbeam Press.
Halliday M. A. K. (1981b) Types of structure. In M. A. K. Halliday and J. R. Martin (eds), Readings in Systemic Linguistics, 29?41. London: Batsford.
Halliday M. A. K. (1981c) Structure. In M. A. K. Halliday and J. R. Martin (eds), Readings in Systemic Linguistics, 122?131. London: Batsford.
Halliday M. A. K. (1982) How is a text like a clause? In S. Allen (ed.), Text Processing: Text Analysis and Generation, Text Typology and Attribution (Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 51), 209?247. Stockholm: Almqvust and Wiksell International.
Halliday M.A.K. (1985a) An Introduction to Functional Grammar (first edition). London: Arnold.
Halliday M.A.K. (1985b) Dimensions of discourse analysis: Grammar. In A. van Dijk Teun (ed.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis Vol. 2: Dimensions of Discourse. London: Academic Press.
Halliday M. A. K. (1994) An Introduction to Functional Grammar (second edition). London: Arnold.
Halliday M. A. K. and Matthiessen C. (1999) Construing Experience Through Meaning: A Language-based Approach to Cognition. Padstow, Cornwall: T. J. International Ltd.
Halliday M. A. K. and Matthiessen C. (2004) An Introduction to Functional Grammar (third edition). London: Arnold.
Kahnemuyipour A. (2000) On the Derivationality of some Inflectional Affixes in Persian. Presentation at the annual meeting of Linguistic Society of America. Chicago, IL.
Kahnemuyipour A. (2006) Persian Ezafe Construction: Case, Agreement or Something Else. Presentation at Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Persian Language and Computers. Tehran University, June.
Kalbasi I. (2002) Function and place of personal endings and dependent personal pronouns in Iranian dialects (naqsh va jayeh shenaseyeh feli va zamireh peyvasteh dar gouyeshhayeh irani). Iranian Journal of Linguistics 17 (1). Tehran: Iran University Press.
Karimi S. (1989) Aspects of Persian Syntax, Specificity and the Theory of Grammar, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Washington.
Kress G. R. (1976) Halliday: System and Function in Language. London: Oxford University Press.
Martin J. R. (1983) Participant identification in English, Tagalog and Kate. Australian Journal of Linguistics, 3 (1): 45?74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268608308599299
Martin J. R. (1985) Process and text: Two aspects of human semiosis. In J. D. Benson and W. S. Greaves (eds), Systemic Perspectives on Discourse, vol. 1: Selected Theoretical Papers from the 9th International Systemic Workshop, 248-274. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Martin J. R. (1986) The meaning of features in systemic linguistics. In R. Fawcett and M. A. Halliday (eds), New Developments in Systemic Linguistics, vol. 1. Theory and Description, 14?40. London: Pinter.
Martin J. R. (1991), Intrinsic functionality: implications for contextual theory. Social Semiotics 1 (1): 99?162. Available from Social Semiotics, Department of English, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
Martin J. R. (1992) English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Martin J. R. (1996a) Types of structure: Deconstructing notions of constituency in clause and text. In E. Hovy and D. Scott (eds), Burning Issues in Discourse: A Multidisciplinary Perspective, 39?66. Heidelberg: Springer.
Martin J. R. (1996b) Transitivity in Tagalog: A functional interpretation of case. In M. Berry, C. Butler, R. Fawcett and G. Huang (eds), Meaning and Form: Systemic Functional Interpretations (Meaning and Choice in Language: Studies for Michael Halliday), 229-296. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Martin J. R. (1997) Linguistics and the consumer: The practice of theory. Linguistics and Education, 5 (4): 411?448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0898-5898(97)90008-5
Martin J. R. (2000) Factoring out exchange: types of structure. In M. Clouthard, J. Cotteriall and F. Rock (eds), Working with Dialogue, 19?40. Tubingen: Niemeyer.
Martin J. R. (2004) Grammatical structure: what do we mean? In C. Coffin, A. Hewings and K. O’Halloran (eds), Applying English Grammar: Functional and Corpus Approaches, 57?76. London: Arnold.
Martin J. R., Matthiessen C. and Painter C. (1997) Working with Functional Grammar. Bristol: J. W. Arrowsmith Ltd.
Matthiessen C. M. I. M. (1988) Representational issues in systemic functional grammar. In J. D. Benson and W. S. Greaves (eds), Systemic Functional Approaches to Discourse, 136-175. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Matthiessen C. M. I. M. (1991) Language on language: The grammar of semiosis. Social Semiotics. 1 (2): 69–111.
Matthiessen C. M. I. M. (1992) Interpreting the textual metafunction. In M. Davies and L. Ravelli (eds), Advances in Systemic Linguistics, 37-81. London: Pinter.
Matthiessen C. M. I. M. (1995) Lexicogrammatical Cartography: English Systems. Tokyo: International Language Sciences Publishers.
Matthiessen C. M. I. M. (1999) The system of TRANSITIVITY: An exploratory study of text-based profiles. Functions of Language, 6 (1): 1?51.
Matthiessen C. M. I. M. (2004) Descriptive motifs and generalizations. In A. Caffarel, J. R. Martin and C. Matthiessen (eds), Language Typology, a Functional Perspective. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Matthiessen C. M. I. M. (2005) The ‘Architecture’ of Language According to Systemic Functional Theory: Developments Since the 1970s. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Matthiessen C. M. I. M. and Martin J. R. (1991) A response to Huddleston's review of Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar. Occasional Papers in Systemic Linguistics 5: 5?74.
Mohammad J. and Karimi S. (1992), Light verbs are taking over: Complex verbs in Persian. Proceedings of the Western Conference on Linguistics (WECOL), 5: 195?212.
Thompson G. (2004) Introducing Functional Grammar (second edition). London: Arnold.
Caffarel A. (2006) A Systemic Functional Grammar of French. London: Continuum.
Caffarel A., Martin J. R. and Matthiessen C. M. I. M. (eds) (2004) Language Typology: A Functional Perspective. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Dabir Moqaddam M. (2006a) Majhoul dar zaban-e farsi (Passive in Persian). Studies in Persian Linguistics (Selected Articles). Tehran: Iran University Press.
Dabir Moqaddam M. (2006b) On the (In)dependence of Syntax and Pragmatics: Evidence from the Postposition –ra in Persian. Studies in Persian Linguistics (Selected Articles). Tehran: Iran University Press.
Eggins S. (2004) An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics (second edition). New York: Continuum.
Fawcett R. P. (1988) What makes a good system network good? In J. D. Benson and W. S. Greaves (eds), Systemic Functional Approaches to Discourse. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Ghomeshi J. (2003) Plural marking, indefiniteness and the noun phrase. Studia Linguistica 57 (2): 47?74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9582.00099
Halliday M. A. K. (1966) The concept of rank: A reply. Journal of Linguistics 2 (1): 110?118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022226700001377
Halliday M. A. K. (1967) Intonation and Grammar in British English. The Hague: Mouton.
Halliday M. A. K. (1968) Notes on transitivity and theme in English, Parts 1?3. Journal of Linguistics 3 (1); 3 (2): 4 (2).
Halliday M. A. K. (1973) Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Arnold.
Halliday M. A. K. (1974) Interview with M. A. K. Halliday. In H. Parret (ed.), Discussing Language, 81-120. The Hague: Mouton (Janua Linguarum Series Maior 93).
Halliday M. A. K. (1976) Types of Process. In G. Kress (ed.), Halliday: System and Function in Language, 159-173. London: Oxford University Press.
Halliday M. A. K. (1978) Language as a Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday M. A. K. (1979) Modes of meaning and modes of expression: types of grammatical structure, and their determination by different semantic functions. In D. J. Allerton, E. Carney and D. Holderoft (eds), Function and Context in Linguistic Analysis: Essays Offered to William Haas, 57?79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Process.
Halliday M. A. K. (1981a) Text semantics and clause grammar: some patterns of realisation. In J. E. Copeland and P. W. Davis (eds), The Seventh LACUS Forum, 31?49. Columbia, SC: Hornbeam Press.
Halliday M. A. K. (1981b) Types of structure. In M. A. K. Halliday and J. R. Martin (eds), Readings in Systemic Linguistics, 29?41. London: Batsford.
Halliday M. A. K. (1981c) Structure. In M. A. K. Halliday and J. R. Martin (eds), Readings in Systemic Linguistics, 122?131. London: Batsford.
Halliday M. A. K. (1982) How is a text like a clause? In S. Allen (ed.), Text Processing: Text Analysis and Generation, Text Typology and Attribution (Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 51), 209?247. Stockholm: Almqvust and Wiksell International.
Halliday M.A.K. (1985a) An Introduction to Functional Grammar (first edition). London: Arnold.
Halliday M.A.K. (1985b) Dimensions of discourse analysis: Grammar. In A. van Dijk Teun (ed.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis Vol. 2: Dimensions of Discourse. London: Academic Press.
Halliday M. A. K. (1994) An Introduction to Functional Grammar (second edition). London: Arnold.
Halliday M. A. K. and Matthiessen C. (1999) Construing Experience Through Meaning: A Language-based Approach to Cognition. Padstow, Cornwall: T. J. International Ltd.
Halliday M. A. K. and Matthiessen C. (2004) An Introduction to Functional Grammar (third edition). London: Arnold.
Kahnemuyipour A. (2000) On the Derivationality of some Inflectional Affixes in Persian. Presentation at the annual meeting of Linguistic Society of America. Chicago, IL.
Kahnemuyipour A. (2006) Persian Ezafe Construction: Case, Agreement or Something Else. Presentation at Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Persian Language and Computers. Tehran University, June.
Kalbasi I. (2002) Function and place of personal endings and dependent personal pronouns in Iranian dialects (naqsh va jayeh shenaseyeh feli va zamireh peyvasteh dar gouyeshhayeh irani). Iranian Journal of Linguistics 17 (1). Tehran: Iran University Press.
Karimi S. (1989) Aspects of Persian Syntax, Specificity and the Theory of Grammar, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Washington.
Kress G. R. (1976) Halliday: System and Function in Language. London: Oxford University Press.
Martin J. R. (1983) Participant identification in English, Tagalog and Kate. Australian Journal of Linguistics, 3 (1): 45?74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268608308599299
Martin J. R. (1985) Process and text: Two aspects of human semiosis. In J. D. Benson and W. S. Greaves (eds), Systemic Perspectives on Discourse, vol. 1: Selected Theoretical Papers from the 9th International Systemic Workshop, 248-274. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Martin J. R. (1986) The meaning of features in systemic linguistics. In R. Fawcett and M. A. Halliday (eds), New Developments in Systemic Linguistics, vol. 1. Theory and Description, 14?40. London: Pinter.
Martin J. R. (1991), Intrinsic functionality: implications for contextual theory. Social Semiotics 1 (1): 99?162. Available from Social Semiotics, Department of English, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
Martin J. R. (1992) English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Martin J. R. (1996a) Types of structure: Deconstructing notions of constituency in clause and text. In E. Hovy and D. Scott (eds), Burning Issues in Discourse: A Multidisciplinary Perspective, 39?66. Heidelberg: Springer.
Martin J. R. (1996b) Transitivity in Tagalog: A functional interpretation of case. In M. Berry, C. Butler, R. Fawcett and G. Huang (eds), Meaning and Form: Systemic Functional Interpretations (Meaning and Choice in Language: Studies for Michael Halliday), 229-296. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Martin J. R. (1997) Linguistics and the consumer: The practice of theory. Linguistics and Education, 5 (4): 411?448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0898-5898(97)90008-5
Martin J. R. (2000) Factoring out exchange: types of structure. In M. Clouthard, J. Cotteriall and F. Rock (eds), Working with Dialogue, 19?40. Tubingen: Niemeyer.
Martin J. R. (2004) Grammatical structure: what do we mean? In C. Coffin, A. Hewings and K. O’Halloran (eds), Applying English Grammar: Functional and Corpus Approaches, 57?76. London: Arnold.
Martin J. R., Matthiessen C. and Painter C. (1997) Working with Functional Grammar. Bristol: J. W. Arrowsmith Ltd.
Matthiessen C. M. I. M. (1988) Representational issues in systemic functional grammar. In J. D. Benson and W. S. Greaves (eds), Systemic Functional Approaches to Discourse, 136-175. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Matthiessen C. M. I. M. (1991) Language on language: The grammar of semiosis. Social Semiotics. 1 (2): 69–111.
Matthiessen C. M. I. M. (1992) Interpreting the textual metafunction. In M. Davies and L. Ravelli (eds), Advances in Systemic Linguistics, 37-81. London: Pinter.
Matthiessen C. M. I. M. (1995) Lexicogrammatical Cartography: English Systems. Tokyo: International Language Sciences Publishers.
Matthiessen C. M. I. M. (1999) The system of TRANSITIVITY: An exploratory study of text-based profiles. Functions of Language, 6 (1): 1?51.
Matthiessen C. M. I. M. (2004) Descriptive motifs and generalizations. In A. Caffarel, J. R. Martin and C. Matthiessen (eds), Language Typology, a Functional Perspective. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Matthiessen C. M. I. M. (2005) The ‘Architecture’ of Language According to Systemic Functional Theory: Developments Since the 1970s. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Matthiessen C. M. I. M. and Martin J. R. (1991) A response to Huddleston's review of Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar. Occasional Papers in Systemic Linguistics 5: 5?74.
Mohammad J. and Karimi S. (1992), Light verbs are taking over: Complex verbs in Persian. Proceedings of the Western Conference on Linguistics (WECOL), 5: 195?212.
Thompson G. (2004) Introducing Functional Grammar (second edition). London: Arnold.
Published
2011-12-16
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Section
Articles
How to Cite
Bahman, Z. (2011). Transitivity System and Process Types in Persian. Linguistics and the Human Sciences, 5(1), 3-36. https://doi.org/10.1558/lhs.v5i1.3
