The importance of cultural competence for speech and language therapists
Issued Date: 29 Mar 2014
Abstract
Most speech and language therapists (SLTs) in the UK work with children and families from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. There is little research however investigating how they go about providing healthcare that takes into account cultural differences. This paper will describe a study that aimed to investigate the cultural competence of SLTs in one London Borough. A combination of questionnaires and a focus group were used to generate qualitative data about the knowledge and views of SLTs about cultural competence. A content analysis framework was employed to analyse the data. Our findings suggest that SLTs in one London Borough have their own distinct culture which includes beliefs about their role as SLTs and about the role of parents in therapy sessions. Findings suggest that the SLTs employ a range of culturally competent practices in their everyday work. These findings are discussed in relation to current thinking on cultural competence and models of cultural competence (Purnell and Paulanka, 2003; Papadopoulos et al., 1998).
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DOI: 10.1558/jircd.v5i1.1
References
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American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) (2004) Knowledge and Skills Needed by Speech-language Pathologists and Audiologists to Provide Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services. Retrieved 27 January 2013 from http://www.asha.org/policy/KS2004-00215.htm
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (2011) Cultural Competence in Professional Service Delivery. Retrieved 27 January 2013 from http://www.asha.org/policy/PS2011-00325.htm
Baker, P. and Eversley, J. (2000) Multilingual capital: The language’s of London’s school children and their relevance to economic, social and educational policies. Cited in M. Cortazzi and L. Jin (2004) Reflections on speech-language therapists’ talk: implications for clinical practice and education, International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 39 (4): 477–480.
Birchall, M., Richardson, A. and Lee, L. (2002) Eliciting views of patients with head and neck cancer and carers on professionally derived standards of care, British Medical Journal, 324: 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7336.516
Bishop, D. V. M. and Leonard, L. B. (eds) (2000) Speech and Language Impairments in Children: Causes, Characteristics, Intervention and Outcome. Hove: Psychology Press.
Black, J. D. and Purnell, L. D. (2002) Cultural competence for the physical therapy professional, Journal of Physical Therapy Education 16 (1): 3–10.
Campinha-Bacote, J. (1998). The process of cultural competence in the delivery healthcare services: A culturally competent Model of care (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Transcultural C.A.R.E. Associates. Retrieved on 29th January 2013 from www.transculturalcare.net)
Cortazzi, M. and Jin, L. (2004) Reflections on speech-language therapists’ talk: Implications for clinical practice and education, International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 39 (4): 477–480.
Culley L. (1996) A critique of multiculturalism in health care: The challenge for nurse education, Journal of Advanced Nursing 23 (3): 564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1996.tb00020.x
Department of Children Schools & Families (DCSF) (2008) The Bercow Report: Review of Services for Children and Young People (0–19) Years with Speech, Language and Communication Needs. Nottingham: DCSF.
Department of Health (DOH) (2001) Positively Diverse: Quick Guide. London: DOH.
Department of Health (DOH) (2004a) Aim Higher: Healthcare Strand. Retrieved on 6 June 2009 from http://www.aimhigher.ac.uk/sites/practitioner/programme_information/healthcare_strand.cfm
Department of Health (DOH) (2004b) New Generations: The Changing Face of Allied Health Professionals. Retrieved on 6 June 2009 from http://www.aimhigher.ac.uk/sites/practitioner/programme_information/healthcare_strand/new_generations.cfm
Department of Health (2008) No Patient Left Behind: How Can we Ensure World Class Primary Care for Black and Minority Ethnic People? London: DOH.
Department of Health (DOH) (2013) Public Involvement Programme. Retrieved on 1 April 2013 from http://www.nice.org.uk/getinvolved/patientandpublicinvolvement/patientandpublicinvolvementpolicy/patient_and_public_involvement_policy.jsp
Dolan, P., Cookson, R. and Ferguson, B. (1999) Effect of discussion and deliberation on the public’s views of priority setting in health care: Focus group study, British Medical Journal 318: 916–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.318.7188.916
Dwivedi, K. N. (2002) Meeting the Needs of Ethnic Minority Children: Including Refugee, Black, Mixed Parentage Children: A Handbook for Professionals. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Edley, N. and Litosseliti, L. (2010) Contemplating interviews and focus groups. In L. Litosseliti (ed.) Research Methods in Linguistics. London: Continuum.
Gadhok, K. (2004) Towards greater diversity, Bulletin of the Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists March: 8–9.
Gascoigne, M. (2006) Supporting Children with Speech, Language and Communication Needs Within Integrated Children’s Services. London: RCSLT.
Giger, J. N. and Davidhizar, R. E. (1999) Transcultural Nursing. Assessment and Interventions (3rd ed.). St Louis CV: Mosby.
Girolametto L. (2004) Services and programs supporting young children’s language development. In Tremblay R. E, Barr R. G. and Peters, R. (eds) Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development [online]. Montreal, Quebec: Centre of Excellence for Early Childhood Development; 2004: 1–6. Retrieved on 1 May 2009 from http://www.child-encyclopedia.com/documents/GirolamettoANGxp.pdf
Girolametto, L. Greenberg, J. and Manolson, A. (1986) Developing dialogue skills: The Hanen early language parent program, Seminars in Speech and Language 7 (4): 367–381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1085235
Hofstede, G. and Hofstede, G. J. (2005) Culture and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Isaac, K. (2002) Speech Pathology in Cultural and Linguistic Diversity. London: Whurr.
Isaac, K. (2005) Managing linguistic diversity in the clinic: Interpreters in speech-language pathology. In M. Ball (ed.) Clinical Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470754856.ch21
Jaggi, A. and Bithell, C. (1995) Relationship between physiotherapists’ level of contact, cultural awareness and communication with Bangladeshi patients in two health authorities, Physiotherapy 81 (6): 330–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9406(05)66793-4
Kersner, M. and Wright, J. A. (2001) Speech and Language Therapy: The Decision-making Process when Working with Children. London: Fulton.
Knowledge & Skills Framework (2009) Retrieved 28 January 2011 from www.learnonline.nhs.uk/learnonline
Kohnert, K. J., Kennedy, M. R. T., Glaze, L., Kan, P. F. and Carney, E. (2003) Breadth and depth of diversity in Minnesota: Challenges to clinical competency. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology 12 (3): 259–272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2003/072)
Krippendorff, K. (1980) Content analysis: an Introduction to its methodology. In C. Robson (1999) Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-researchers. Oxford: Blackwell.
Krueger, R. A. (1994) Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. London: Sage.
Leininger, M. M. (1991) Culture Care, Diversity and Universality: A Theory of Nursing. New York: NLN Press.
Litosseliti, L. (2003) Using Focus Groups in Research. London: Continuum.
Litosseliti, L. and Leadbeater, C. (2013) Speech and language therapy/pathology: perspectives on a gendered profession, International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 48 (1): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00188.x
Marshall, J. (2000) Critical reflections on the cultural influences in identification and habilitation of children with speech and language difficulties, International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 47 (4): 355–369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713671154
Martin, M. and Vaughan, B. (2007) Cultural competence: The nuts and bolts of diversity and inclusion. Strategic Diversity & Inclusion Management, 31–36. San Francisco, CA: DTUI Publications Division Retrieved on 1 May 2009 from: http://tinyurl.com/c9a85hj
McKinson, F. (2007) Why do men become SLTs? Bulletin of the Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists April: 14–16.
Morgan, D. L. (1997) Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Nazroo, J. Y, Falaschetti, E., Pierce, M. and Primatesta, P. (2009) Ethnic inequalities in access to and outcomes of healthcare: Analysis of the Health Survey for England, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 63 (12): 1022–1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.089409
O’Hagan, K. (2001) Cultural Competence in the Caring Professions. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Oliver, M. (1990) The individual and social models of disability. Paper presented at Joint Workshop of the Living Options Group and the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians.
Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2011) Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales. Retrieved on 28 January 2013 from http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html#tab-Ethnicity-in-England-and-Wales
Papadopoulos, I. (2003) The Papadopoulos, Tilki and Taylor model for the development of cultural competence in nursing, Journal of Health Social and Environmental Issues 4 (1): 5–7.
Papadopoulos, I., Tilki, M. and Taylor, G. (1998) Transcultural Care: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. Wilts: Quay Publications.
Pope, C., Ziebland, S. and Mays, N. (2000) Qualitative research in health care: Analysing qualitative data, British Medical Journal 320: 114–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7227.114
Purnell, L. (2002) The Purnell model for cultural competence, The Journal of Transcultural Nursing & Health 13 (3): 193–196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10459602013003006
Purnell, L. D. and Paulanka, B. J. (1998) Transcultural Health Care. A Culturally Competent Approach. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company.
Race Relations (Amendment) Act (2000) London: Office of Public Sector Information.
Raval, A., Hooke, E., Martin, D., Quinn, T. and Anderson, S. (1999) Teaching About Bilingualism and Linguistic Minority Clients in Speech and Language Therapy Courses. London: Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists’ National Specific Interest Group in Bilingualism.
Reynolds, C. L. and Leininger, M. (1993) Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
Robson, C. (1999) Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-researchers. Oxford: Blackwell.
Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists (2007) Good Practice for Speech and Language Therapists Working with Clients from Linguistic Minority Communities. London: RCSLT.
RCSLT (2011) Guidelines for Pre-registration Speech and Language Therapy Courses in the UK: Incorporating Curriculum Guidelines. London: RCSLT.
Sheridan, J. (1999) A career in speech and language therapy: For white women only? Bulletin of the Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists, February: 9.
Speech Pathology Australia (2009) Position Paper – Working in a Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Society. Melbourne: Speech Pathology Australia.
Stevens, E., Peisker,M., Mathisen, B. and Woodward, S (2010) Challenges and benefits for students participating in the Working With Developing Communities (WWDC) (Vietnam) Program, Acquiring Knowledge in Speech, Language and Hearing 12 (2): 90–92.
Stow, C. and Dodd, B. (2003) Providing an equitable service to bilingual children in the UK: A review, International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 38 (4): 351–377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1368282031000156888
Stokes, J. (2008) Feelings of newly qualified therapists (personal communication).
Van Kleeck, A. (1994) Potential cultural bias in training parents as conversational partners with their children who have delays in language development, American Journal of Speech Language Pathology 31 (2): 67–78.
Van Teijlingen, E. R. and Hundley, V. (2001) The importance of pilot studies, University of Surrey: Social Research Update 35: 1–4.
Williams, C. (2001) Working with children from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds: Implications for assessment and intervention, Acquiring Knowledge in Speech, Language and Hearing 13 (3): 106–111. Retrieved 29 January 2013 from http://www.speechpathologyaustralia.org.au/library/ACQ_Archives/contents.pdf
Winter, K. (1999) Speech and language therapy provision for bilingual children: Aspects of the current service, International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 34 (1): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/136828299247658
World Health Organization (WHO) (2001) International Classification of Functioning, Disability & Health. Geneva: WHO.
Wray, A. and Bloomer, A. (2006) Projects in Linguistics: A Practical Guide to Researching Language. London: Hodder Arnold.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) (2004) Knowledge and Skills Needed by Speech-language Pathologists and Audiologists to Provide Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services. Retrieved 27 January 2013 from http://www.asha.org/policy/KS2004-00215.htm
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (2011) Cultural Competence in Professional Service Delivery. Retrieved 27 January 2013 from http://www.asha.org/policy/PS2011-00325.htm
Baker, P. and Eversley, J. (2000) Multilingual capital: The language’s of London’s school children and their relevance to economic, social and educational policies. Cited in M. Cortazzi and L. Jin (2004) Reflections on speech-language therapists’ talk: implications for clinical practice and education, International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 39 (4): 477–480.
Birchall, M., Richardson, A. and Lee, L. (2002) Eliciting views of patients with head and neck cancer and carers on professionally derived standards of care, British Medical Journal, 324: 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7336.516
Bishop, D. V. M. and Leonard, L. B. (eds) (2000) Speech and Language Impairments in Children: Causes, Characteristics, Intervention and Outcome. Hove: Psychology Press.
Black, J. D. and Purnell, L. D. (2002) Cultural competence for the physical therapy professional, Journal of Physical Therapy Education 16 (1): 3–10.
Campinha-Bacote, J. (1998). The process of cultural competence in the delivery healthcare services: A culturally competent Model of care (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Transcultural C.A.R.E. Associates. Retrieved on 29th January 2013 from www.transculturalcare.net)
Cortazzi, M. and Jin, L. (2004) Reflections on speech-language therapists’ talk: Implications for clinical practice and education, International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 39 (4): 477–480.
Culley L. (1996) A critique of multiculturalism in health care: The challenge for nurse education, Journal of Advanced Nursing 23 (3): 564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1996.tb00020.x
Department of Children Schools & Families (DCSF) (2008) The Bercow Report: Review of Services for Children and Young People (0–19) Years with Speech, Language and Communication Needs. Nottingham: DCSF.
Department of Health (DOH) (2001) Positively Diverse: Quick Guide. London: DOH.
Department of Health (DOH) (2004a) Aim Higher: Healthcare Strand. Retrieved on 6 June 2009 from http://www.aimhigher.ac.uk/sites/practitioner/programme_information/healthcare_strand.cfm
Department of Health (DOH) (2004b) New Generations: The Changing Face of Allied Health Professionals. Retrieved on 6 June 2009 from http://www.aimhigher.ac.uk/sites/practitioner/programme_information/healthcare_strand/new_generations.cfm
Department of Health (2008) No Patient Left Behind: How Can we Ensure World Class Primary Care for Black and Minority Ethnic People? London: DOH.
Department of Health (DOH) (2013) Public Involvement Programme. Retrieved on 1 April 2013 from http://www.nice.org.uk/getinvolved/patientandpublicinvolvement/patientandpublicinvolvementpolicy/patient_and_public_involvement_policy.jsp
Dolan, P., Cookson, R. and Ferguson, B. (1999) Effect of discussion and deliberation on the public’s views of priority setting in health care: Focus group study, British Medical Journal 318: 916–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.318.7188.916
Dwivedi, K. N. (2002) Meeting the Needs of Ethnic Minority Children: Including Refugee, Black, Mixed Parentage Children: A Handbook for Professionals. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Edley, N. and Litosseliti, L. (2010) Contemplating interviews and focus groups. In L. Litosseliti (ed.) Research Methods in Linguistics. London: Continuum.
Gadhok, K. (2004) Towards greater diversity, Bulletin of the Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists March: 8–9.
Gascoigne, M. (2006) Supporting Children with Speech, Language and Communication Needs Within Integrated Children’s Services. London: RCSLT.
Giger, J. N. and Davidhizar, R. E. (1999) Transcultural Nursing. Assessment and Interventions (3rd ed.). St Louis CV: Mosby.
Girolametto L. (2004) Services and programs supporting young children’s language development. In Tremblay R. E, Barr R. G. and Peters, R. (eds) Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development [online]. Montreal, Quebec: Centre of Excellence for Early Childhood Development; 2004: 1–6. Retrieved on 1 May 2009 from http://www.child-encyclopedia.com/documents/GirolamettoANGxp.pdf
Girolametto, L. Greenberg, J. and Manolson, A. (1986) Developing dialogue skills: The Hanen early language parent program, Seminars in Speech and Language 7 (4): 367–381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1085235
Hofstede, G. and Hofstede, G. J. (2005) Culture and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Isaac, K. (2002) Speech Pathology in Cultural and Linguistic Diversity. London: Whurr.
Isaac, K. (2005) Managing linguistic diversity in the clinic: Interpreters in speech-language pathology. In M. Ball (ed.) Clinical Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470754856.ch21
Jaggi, A. and Bithell, C. (1995) Relationship between physiotherapists’ level of contact, cultural awareness and communication with Bangladeshi patients in two health authorities, Physiotherapy 81 (6): 330–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9406(05)66793-4
Kersner, M. and Wright, J. A. (2001) Speech and Language Therapy: The Decision-making Process when Working with Children. London: Fulton.
Knowledge & Skills Framework (2009) Retrieved 28 January 2011 from www.learnonline.nhs.uk/learnonline
Kohnert, K. J., Kennedy, M. R. T., Glaze, L., Kan, P. F. and Carney, E. (2003) Breadth and depth of diversity in Minnesota: Challenges to clinical competency. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology 12 (3): 259–272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2003/072)
Krippendorff, K. (1980) Content analysis: an Introduction to its methodology. In C. Robson (1999) Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-researchers. Oxford: Blackwell.
Krueger, R. A. (1994) Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. London: Sage.
Leininger, M. M. (1991) Culture Care, Diversity and Universality: A Theory of Nursing. New York: NLN Press.
Litosseliti, L. (2003) Using Focus Groups in Research. London: Continuum.
Litosseliti, L. and Leadbeater, C. (2013) Speech and language therapy/pathology: perspectives on a gendered profession, International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 48 (1): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00188.x
Marshall, J. (2000) Critical reflections on the cultural influences in identification and habilitation of children with speech and language difficulties, International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 47 (4): 355–369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713671154
Martin, M. and Vaughan, B. (2007) Cultural competence: The nuts and bolts of diversity and inclusion. Strategic Diversity & Inclusion Management, 31–36. San Francisco, CA: DTUI Publications Division Retrieved on 1 May 2009 from: http://tinyurl.com/c9a85hj
McKinson, F. (2007) Why do men become SLTs? Bulletin of the Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists April: 14–16.
Morgan, D. L. (1997) Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Nazroo, J. Y, Falaschetti, E., Pierce, M. and Primatesta, P. (2009) Ethnic inequalities in access to and outcomes of healthcare: Analysis of the Health Survey for England, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 63 (12): 1022–1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.089409
O’Hagan, K. (2001) Cultural Competence in the Caring Professions. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Oliver, M. (1990) The individual and social models of disability. Paper presented at Joint Workshop of the Living Options Group and the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians.
Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2011) Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales. Retrieved on 28 January 2013 from http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html#tab-Ethnicity-in-England-and-Wales
Papadopoulos, I. (2003) The Papadopoulos, Tilki and Taylor model for the development of cultural competence in nursing, Journal of Health Social and Environmental Issues 4 (1): 5–7.
Papadopoulos, I., Tilki, M. and Taylor, G. (1998) Transcultural Care: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. Wilts: Quay Publications.
Pope, C., Ziebland, S. and Mays, N. (2000) Qualitative research in health care: Analysing qualitative data, British Medical Journal 320: 114–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7227.114
Purnell, L. (2002) The Purnell model for cultural competence, The Journal of Transcultural Nursing & Health 13 (3): 193–196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10459602013003006
Purnell, L. D. and Paulanka, B. J. (1998) Transcultural Health Care. A Culturally Competent Approach. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company.
Race Relations (Amendment) Act (2000) London: Office of Public Sector Information.
Raval, A., Hooke, E., Martin, D., Quinn, T. and Anderson, S. (1999) Teaching About Bilingualism and Linguistic Minority Clients in Speech and Language Therapy Courses. London: Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists’ National Specific Interest Group in Bilingualism.
Reynolds, C. L. and Leininger, M. (1993) Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
Robson, C. (1999) Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-researchers. Oxford: Blackwell.
Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists (2007) Good Practice for Speech and Language Therapists Working with Clients from Linguistic Minority Communities. London: RCSLT.
RCSLT (2011) Guidelines for Pre-registration Speech and Language Therapy Courses in the UK: Incorporating Curriculum Guidelines. London: RCSLT.
Sheridan, J. (1999) A career in speech and language therapy: For white women only? Bulletin of the Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists, February: 9.
Speech Pathology Australia (2009) Position Paper – Working in a Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Society. Melbourne: Speech Pathology Australia.
Stevens, E., Peisker,M., Mathisen, B. and Woodward, S (2010) Challenges and benefits for students participating in the Working With Developing Communities (WWDC) (Vietnam) Program, Acquiring Knowledge in Speech, Language and Hearing 12 (2): 90–92.
Stow, C. and Dodd, B. (2003) Providing an equitable service to bilingual children in the UK: A review, International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 38 (4): 351–377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1368282031000156888
Stokes, J. (2008) Feelings of newly qualified therapists (personal communication).
Van Kleeck, A. (1994) Potential cultural bias in training parents as conversational partners with their children who have delays in language development, American Journal of Speech Language Pathology 31 (2): 67–78.
Van Teijlingen, E. R. and Hundley, V. (2001) The importance of pilot studies, University of Surrey: Social Research Update 35: 1–4.
Williams, C. (2001) Working with children from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds: Implications for assessment and intervention, Acquiring Knowledge in Speech, Language and Hearing 13 (3): 106–111. Retrieved 29 January 2013 from http://www.speechpathologyaustralia.org.au/library/ACQ_Archives/contents.pdf
Winter, K. (1999) Speech and language therapy provision for bilingual children: Aspects of the current service, International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 34 (1): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/136828299247658
World Health Organization (WHO) (2001) International Classification of Functioning, Disability & Health. Geneva: WHO.
Wray, A. and Bloomer, A. (2006) Projects in Linguistics: A Practical Guide to Researching Language. London: Hodder Arnold.
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