Pentecostalization, Politics, and Religious Change in Guatemala
New Approaches to Old Questions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/ptcs.v13i1.9Keywords:
Pentecostalization, Guatemala, democracy, development, conventional wisdom, religious changeAbstract
Reflecting on survey data on religion and politics collected in Guatemala in the 1990s, this article argues that broad claims about the links between Pentecostalism, politics, and development are over-stated. A focus on Pentecostalized religion offers more nuanced findings by highlighting the religious beliefs, practices, doctrines, and discourses that are the most salient factors impacting political, social, and economic outcomes. Pentecostalized religion in Guatemala has identifiable tendencies, but it is not the same everywhere and it can have fundamentally different and even contradictory trajectories even within the same context (i.e. patriarchy/gender equality, civil society/uncivil society, economic mobility/levelling mechanism). Furthermore, as a conversionist religion, Pentecostalism presents social scientists with a moving target, as we attempt to interpret the impact of ongoing religious changes. The impact of these religious changes is less likely to be measurable at the level of politics and society than it is in the day-to-day lives of converts. Pentecostalized religion is certainly political in the sense of mobilizing opinions and impacting discourse, but its impact is not easily characterized in sweeping terms as good (or bad) for democracy or development in the context of Latin America.
References
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Anderson, A. 2010. “Varieties, Taxonomies and Definitions.” In Anderson et al., 2010: 13–29.
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Annis, Sheldon. 1987. God and Production in a Guatemalan Town. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Bastian, J.-P. 1993. “The Metamorphosis of Latin American Protestant Groups: A Sociohistorical Perspective.” Latin American Research Review 28.2: 33–62.
—. 1992. “Protestantism in Latin America.” In E. Dussel (ed.), The Church in Latin America: 1492–1992. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis: 548–98.
Berger, P. 2010. “Max Weber is Alive and Well, and Living in Guatemala: The Protestant Ethic Today.” The Review of Faith and International Affairs 8.4: 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2010.528964
Bergunder, M. 2010. “The Cultural Turn.” In Anderson et al., 2010: 51–73.
Berryman, P. 1996. Religion in the Megacity: Catholic and Protestant Portraits from Latin America. New York: Orbis.
Bialecki, J. 2008. “Between Stewardship and Sacrifice: Agency and Economy in a Southern California Charismatic Church.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 14: 372–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2008.00507.x
Bowen, K. 1996. Evangelism and Apostasy: The Evolution and Impact of Evangelicals in Modern Mexico. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Brenneman, R.E. 2012. Homies and Hermanos: God and Gangs in Central America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brouwer, S., P. Gifford, and S. Rose. 1996. Exporting the American Gospel: Global Christian Fundamentalism. New York: Routledge.
Brusco, E. 2010. “Gender and Power.” In Anderson et al., 2010: 74–92.
Brusco, E. 1993. “The Reformation of Machismo: Asceticism and Masculinity among Colombian Evangelicals.” In V. Garrard-Burnett and D. Stoll (eds), Rethinking Protestantism in Latin America. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press: 143–58.
Burdick, J. 1993. Looking for God in Brazil: The Progressive Catholic Church in Urban Brazil’s Religious Arena. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Butler Flora, C. 1976. Pentecostalism in Colombia: Baptism by Fire and Spirit. Rutherford, MD: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
Casanova, J. 2001. “Religion, the New Millennium, and Globalization.” Sociology of Religion 62.4: 415–41.
Chesnut, A.R. 1997. Born Again in Brazil: The Pentecostal Boom and the Pathogens of Poverty. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Clawson, D.L. 1984. “Religious Allegiance and Economic Development in Rural Latin America.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 26: 499–524.
Cleary, E.L. 2009. How Latin America Saved the Soul of the Catholic Church. New York: Paulist Press.
Cleary, E.L. and H. Stewart-Gambino (eds). 1992. Conflict and Competition: The Latin American Church in a Changing Environment. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner.
—. 1997. Power, Politics, and Pentecostals in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Denton, C.F. 1971. “Protestantism and the Latin American Middle Class.” Practical Anthropology 18: 24–8.
Drogus, C.A. 1997. “Private Power and Public Power: Pentecostalism, Base Communities, and Gender.” In Cleary and Stewart-Gambino, 1997: 55–75.
—. 2000. “Religious Pluralism and Social Change: Coming to Terms with Complexity and Convergence.” The Latin American Research Review 35.1: 263–65.
—. 1992. “Popular Movements and the Limits of Political Mobilization at the Grassroots in Brazil.” In Cleary and Stewart-Gambino, 1992: 63–86.
—. 1999. “No Land of Milk and Honey: Women CEB Activists in Post-transition Brazil.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 41.4: 21–34.
—. 2000. “Protestantism and Civil Society.” Paper presented at the Latin American Studies Association Meeting, 16–18 March, Miami, FL.
Droogers, A. 2010. “Essentialist and Normative Approaches.” In Anderson et al., 2010: 30–50.
Freston, P. 2001. Evangelicals and Politics in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Garrard-Burnett, V. 1998. Protestantism in Guatemala: Living in the New Jerusalem. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
—. 2007. “Stop Suffering? The Iglesia Universal del Reino de Dios in the United States.” In Steigenga and Cleary, 2007: 218–38.
—. 2010. Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit: Guatemala under General Efrain Rios Montt 1982–1983. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
—. 1989. “Protestantism in Rural Guatemala, 1872–1954.” Latin American Research Review 24: 127–42.
—. 2004. “God was Already Here When Columbus Arrived: Inculturation Theology and the Mayan Movement in Guatemala.” In E.L. Cleary and T.J. Steigenga (eds), Resurgent Voices in Latin America: Indigenous Peoples, Political Mobilization, and Religious Change. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press: 125–53.
Glassman, R.M. and V. Murivar (eds). 1984. Max Weber’s Political Sociology: A Pessimistic Vision of a Rationalized World. London: Greenwood Press.
Gómez, I. 1999. “Religious and Social Participation in War-Torn Areas of El Salvador.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 41.4: 53–72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166191
Gooren, H. 2007. “Conversion Careers in Latin America: Theoretical Questions, Methodological Dilemmas, and Comparative Data from Argentina and Brazil.” In Steigenga and Cleary, 2007: 52–71.
—. 2010a. “The Pentecostalization of Religion and Society in Latin America.” Exchange 39.4: 355–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157254310X537025
—. 2010b. “Conversion Narratives.” In Anderson et al., 2010: 93–112.
Harrison, L. 1985. Underdevelopment is a State of Mind. Lanham, MD: Madison Books.
—. 1992. Who Prospers? How Cultural Values Shape Economic and Political Success. New York: Basic Books.
Ireland, R. 1991. Kingdoms Come: Religion and Politics in Brazil. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
—. 1999. “Popular Religions and the Building of Democracy in Latin America: Saving the Tocquevillian Parallel.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 41.4: 111–36.
Lalive d’Epinay, C. 1969. Haven of the Masses: A Study of the Pentecostal Movement in Chile London: Lutterworth.
Martin, D. 1990. Tongues of Fire: The Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Muñoz, H. 1999. “Believers and Neighbors: Huaycán Is One and No One Shall Divide It.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 41.4: 73–92.
O’Neill, K.L. 2009. City of God: Christian Citizenship in Postwar Guatemala. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Patterson, E. 2005. Latin America’s Neo-Reformation: Religion’s Influence on Contemporary Politics. New York: Routledge.
Robbins, J. 2004. “The Globalization of Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity.” Annual Review of Anthropology 33: 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421
Roberts, B.R. 1968. “Protestant Groups and Coping with Urban Life in Guatemala City.” American Journal of Sociology 73: 753–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/224568
Rose, S.D. and S. Brouwer. 1988. “Guatemalan Upper Classes Join the Evangelicals.” Paper presented at the Joint Session of the American Sociological Association and the Association for the Sociology of Religion Meetings, August, Atlanta, GA.
Sherman, A. 1997. The Soul of Development: Biblical Christianity and Economic Transformation in Guatemala. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Smilde, D. 1994. “Gender Relations and Social Change in Latin American Evangelicalism.” In D.R. Miller (ed.), Coming of Age: Protestantism in Contemporary Latin America. New York: University Press of America: 39–64.
—. 1997. “The Fundamental Unity of the Conservative and Revolutionary Tendencies in Venezuelan Religion: The Case of Conjugal Relations.” Religion 27: 343–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/reli.1996.0063
—. 1998. “Letting God Govern: Supernatural Agency in the Venezuelan Pentecostal Approach to Social Change.” Sociology of Religion 59: 287–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3711912
—. 2007. Reason to Believe: Cultural Agency in Latin American Evangelicalism. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Smith, B.H. 1997. Religious Politics in Latin America: Pentecostal vs. Catholic. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame Press.
Smith, C. and J. Prokopy (eds). 1999. Latin American Religion in Motion. New York: Routledge.
Steigenga, T. 2001. The Politics of the Spirit: The Political Implications of the Growth of Pentecostalized Religion in Central America. Baltimore, MD: Lexington Press.
—. 1994. “The Potential for Protestantism as a Coherent Political Force in Central America.” Paper delivered at the Latin American Studies Association International Congress, March, Atlanta, GA.
—. 1995. “Guatemala.” In P. Sigmund (ed.), Religious Freedom and Evangelization in Latin America: The Challenge of Religious Pluralism. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books: 150–74.
Steigenga, T. and E. Cleary (eds). 2007. Conversion of a Continent: Contemporary Religious Change in Latin America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Steigenga, T. and K.M. Coleman. 1995. “Protestant Political Orientations and the Structure of Political Opportunity in Chile, 1972–1991.” Polity 28: 465–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3235008
Steigenga, T. and D. Smilde. 1999. “Wrapped in the Holy Shawl: The Strange Case of Conservative Christians and Gender Equality in Latin America.” In C. Smith and
J. Prokopy (eds), Latin American Religion in Motion. New York: Routledge: 147–73.
Stoll, D. 1993. Between Two Armies in the Ixil Towns of Guatemala. New York: Columbia University Press.
Stoll, D. 1990. Is Latin America Turning Protestant? The Politics of Evangelical Growth. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Turner, P.R. 1979. “Religious Conversion and Community Development.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 18.3: 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1385651
Vásquez, M. 1999. “Toward a New Agenda for the Study of Religion in the Americas.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 41.4: 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166188
Weber, M. 1968. Economy and Society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
—. 1958. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Scribner.
Willems, E. 1967. Followers of the New Faith: Culture Change and the Rise of Protestantism in Brazil and Chile. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
Williams, P.J. 1989. The Catholic Church and Politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
—. 1997. “The Sound of Tambourines: The Politics of Pentecostal Growth in El Salvador.” In Cleary and Stewart-Gambino, 1997: 179–200.
Williams, P.J. 2000. “Religious Pluralism, Citizenship, and Democracy in Latin America.” Paper presented at the Latin American Studies Association Meeting, 16–18 March, Miami, FL.
Wolseth, J. 2011. Jesus and the Gang: Youth Violence and Christianity in Urban Honduras. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
Anderson, A. 2010. “Varieties, Taxonomies and Definitions.” In Anderson et al., 2010: 13–29.
Anderson, A., M. Bergunder, A. Droogers, and C. Van Der Laan (eds). 2010. Studying Global Pentecostalism: Theories and Methods. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520266612.001.0001
Annis, Sheldon. 1987. God and Production in a Guatemalan Town. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Bastian, J.-P. 1993. “The Metamorphosis of Latin American Protestant Groups: A Sociohistorical Perspective.” Latin American Research Review 28.2: 33–62.
—. 1992. “Protestantism in Latin America.” In E. Dussel (ed.), The Church in Latin America: 1492–1992. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis: 548–98.
Berger, P. 2010. “Max Weber is Alive and Well, and Living in Guatemala: The Protestant Ethic Today.” The Review of Faith and International Affairs 8.4: 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2010.528964
Bergunder, M. 2010. “The Cultural Turn.” In Anderson et al., 2010: 51–73.
Berryman, P. 1996. Religion in the Megacity: Catholic and Protestant Portraits from Latin America. New York: Orbis.
Bialecki, J. 2008. “Between Stewardship and Sacrifice: Agency and Economy in a Southern California Charismatic Church.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 14: 372–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2008.00507.x
Bowen, K. 1996. Evangelism and Apostasy: The Evolution and Impact of Evangelicals in Modern Mexico. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Brenneman, R.E. 2012. Homies and Hermanos: God and Gangs in Central America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brouwer, S., P. Gifford, and S. Rose. 1996. Exporting the American Gospel: Global Christian Fundamentalism. New York: Routledge.
Brusco, E. 2010. “Gender and Power.” In Anderson et al., 2010: 74–92.
Brusco, E. 1993. “The Reformation of Machismo: Asceticism and Masculinity among Colombian Evangelicals.” In V. Garrard-Burnett and D. Stoll (eds), Rethinking Protestantism in Latin America. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press: 143–58.
Burdick, J. 1993. Looking for God in Brazil: The Progressive Catholic Church in Urban Brazil’s Religious Arena. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Butler Flora, C. 1976. Pentecostalism in Colombia: Baptism by Fire and Spirit. Rutherford, MD: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
Casanova, J. 2001. “Religion, the New Millennium, and Globalization.” Sociology of Religion 62.4: 415–41.
Chesnut, A.R. 1997. Born Again in Brazil: The Pentecostal Boom and the Pathogens of Poverty. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Clawson, D.L. 1984. “Religious Allegiance and Economic Development in Rural Latin America.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 26: 499–524.
Cleary, E.L. 2009. How Latin America Saved the Soul of the Catholic Church. New York: Paulist Press.
Cleary, E.L. and H. Stewart-Gambino (eds). 1992. Conflict and Competition: The Latin American Church in a Changing Environment. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner.
—. 1997. Power, Politics, and Pentecostals in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Denton, C.F. 1971. “Protestantism and the Latin American Middle Class.” Practical Anthropology 18: 24–8.
Drogus, C.A. 1997. “Private Power and Public Power: Pentecostalism, Base Communities, and Gender.” In Cleary and Stewart-Gambino, 1997: 55–75.
—. 2000. “Religious Pluralism and Social Change: Coming to Terms with Complexity and Convergence.” The Latin American Research Review 35.1: 263–65.
—. 1992. “Popular Movements and the Limits of Political Mobilization at the Grassroots in Brazil.” In Cleary and Stewart-Gambino, 1992: 63–86.
—. 1999. “No Land of Milk and Honey: Women CEB Activists in Post-transition Brazil.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 41.4: 21–34.
—. 2000. “Protestantism and Civil Society.” Paper presented at the Latin American Studies Association Meeting, 16–18 March, Miami, FL.
Droogers, A. 2010. “Essentialist and Normative Approaches.” In Anderson et al., 2010: 30–50.
Freston, P. 2001. Evangelicals and Politics in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Garrard-Burnett, V. 1998. Protestantism in Guatemala: Living in the New Jerusalem. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
—. 2007. “Stop Suffering? The Iglesia Universal del Reino de Dios in the United States.” In Steigenga and Cleary, 2007: 218–38.
—. 2010. Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit: Guatemala under General Efrain Rios Montt 1982–1983. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
—. 1989. “Protestantism in Rural Guatemala, 1872–1954.” Latin American Research Review 24: 127–42.
—. 2004. “God was Already Here When Columbus Arrived: Inculturation Theology and the Mayan Movement in Guatemala.” In E.L. Cleary and T.J. Steigenga (eds), Resurgent Voices in Latin America: Indigenous Peoples, Political Mobilization, and Religious Change. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press: 125–53.
Glassman, R.M. and V. Murivar (eds). 1984. Max Weber’s Political Sociology: A Pessimistic Vision of a Rationalized World. London: Greenwood Press.
Gómez, I. 1999. “Religious and Social Participation in War-Torn Areas of El Salvador.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 41.4: 53–72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166191
Gooren, H. 2007. “Conversion Careers in Latin America: Theoretical Questions, Methodological Dilemmas, and Comparative Data from Argentina and Brazil.” In Steigenga and Cleary, 2007: 52–71.
—. 2010a. “The Pentecostalization of Religion and Society in Latin America.” Exchange 39.4: 355–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157254310X537025
—. 2010b. “Conversion Narratives.” In Anderson et al., 2010: 93–112.
Harrison, L. 1985. Underdevelopment is a State of Mind. Lanham, MD: Madison Books.
—. 1992. Who Prospers? How Cultural Values Shape Economic and Political Success. New York: Basic Books.
Ireland, R. 1991. Kingdoms Come: Religion and Politics in Brazil. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
—. 1999. “Popular Religions and the Building of Democracy in Latin America: Saving the Tocquevillian Parallel.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 41.4: 111–36.
Lalive d’Epinay, C. 1969. Haven of the Masses: A Study of the Pentecostal Movement in Chile London: Lutterworth.
Martin, D. 1990. Tongues of Fire: The Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Muñoz, H. 1999. “Believers and Neighbors: Huaycán Is One and No One Shall Divide It.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 41.4: 73–92.
O’Neill, K.L. 2009. City of God: Christian Citizenship in Postwar Guatemala. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Patterson, E. 2005. Latin America’s Neo-Reformation: Religion’s Influence on Contemporary Politics. New York: Routledge.
Robbins, J. 2004. “The Globalization of Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity.” Annual Review of Anthropology 33: 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421
Roberts, B.R. 1968. “Protestant Groups and Coping with Urban Life in Guatemala City.” American Journal of Sociology 73: 753–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/224568
Rose, S.D. and S. Brouwer. 1988. “Guatemalan Upper Classes Join the Evangelicals.” Paper presented at the Joint Session of the American Sociological Association and the Association for the Sociology of Religion Meetings, August, Atlanta, GA.
Sherman, A. 1997. The Soul of Development: Biblical Christianity and Economic Transformation in Guatemala. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Smilde, D. 1994. “Gender Relations and Social Change in Latin American Evangelicalism.” In D.R. Miller (ed.), Coming of Age: Protestantism in Contemporary Latin America. New York: University Press of America: 39–64.
—. 1997. “The Fundamental Unity of the Conservative and Revolutionary Tendencies in Venezuelan Religion: The Case of Conjugal Relations.” Religion 27: 343–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/reli.1996.0063
—. 1998. “Letting God Govern: Supernatural Agency in the Venezuelan Pentecostal Approach to Social Change.” Sociology of Religion 59: 287–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3711912
—. 2007. Reason to Believe: Cultural Agency in Latin American Evangelicalism. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Smith, B.H. 1997. Religious Politics in Latin America: Pentecostal vs. Catholic. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame Press.
Smith, C. and J. Prokopy (eds). 1999. Latin American Religion in Motion. New York: Routledge.
Steigenga, T. 2001. The Politics of the Spirit: The Political Implications of the Growth of Pentecostalized Religion in Central America. Baltimore, MD: Lexington Press.
—. 1994. “The Potential for Protestantism as a Coherent Political Force in Central America.” Paper delivered at the Latin American Studies Association International Congress, March, Atlanta, GA.
—. 1995. “Guatemala.” In P. Sigmund (ed.), Religious Freedom and Evangelization in Latin America: The Challenge of Religious Pluralism. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books: 150–74.
Steigenga, T. and E. Cleary (eds). 2007. Conversion of a Continent: Contemporary Religious Change in Latin America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Steigenga, T. and K.M. Coleman. 1995. “Protestant Political Orientations and the Structure of Political Opportunity in Chile, 1972–1991.” Polity 28: 465–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3235008
Steigenga, T. and D. Smilde. 1999. “Wrapped in the Holy Shawl: The Strange Case of Conservative Christians and Gender Equality in Latin America.” In C. Smith and
J. Prokopy (eds), Latin American Religion in Motion. New York: Routledge: 147–73.
Stoll, D. 1993. Between Two Armies in the Ixil Towns of Guatemala. New York: Columbia University Press.
Stoll, D. 1990. Is Latin America Turning Protestant? The Politics of Evangelical Growth. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Turner, P.R. 1979. “Religious Conversion and Community Development.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 18.3: 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1385651
Vásquez, M. 1999. “Toward a New Agenda for the Study of Religion in the Americas.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 41.4: 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166188
Weber, M. 1968. Economy and Society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
—. 1958. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Scribner.
Willems, E. 1967. Followers of the New Faith: Culture Change and the Rise of Protestantism in Brazil and Chile. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
Williams, P.J. 1989. The Catholic Church and Politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
—. 1997. “The Sound of Tambourines: The Politics of Pentecostal Growth in El Salvador.” In Cleary and Stewart-Gambino, 1997: 179–200.
Williams, P.J. 2000. “Religious Pluralism, Citizenship, and Democracy in Latin America.” Paper presented at the Latin American Studies Association Meeting, 16–18 March, Miami, FL.
Wolseth, J. 2011. Jesus and the Gang: Youth Violence and Christianity in Urban Honduras. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
Published
2014-03-19
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Section
Articles
How to Cite
Steigenga, T. (2014). Pentecostalization, Politics, and Religious Change in Guatemala: New Approaches to Old Questions. PentecoStudies, 13(1), 9-34. https://doi.org/10.1558/ptcs.v13i1.9
