Streams of Convergence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/ptcs.v7i2.64Keywords:
holiness movement, Fundamentalism and modernism, PietismAbstract
This paper sketches a broad outline of the relationships governing fundamentalism, modernism, and Pentecostalism in the first half of the twentieth century in the United States. Fundamentalism and Pentecostalism were tangentially aligned through a common nineteenth century evangelical ethos via the holiness movement. Modernism shared with Pentecostalism certain aspects of Pietism but diverged dramatically in its rationalistic approach to Scripture. Fundamentalism and modernism agreed in this rationalist endeavour but parted over the role of the supernatural in Christianity. A mutual distrust of modernism and their shared evangelical ethos led ultimately to cooperation between fundamentalists and Pentecostals by the beginnings of World War II.
References
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Anonymous (1916), “Back to the Fundamentals,” Weekly Evangel, 23 September, p. 7.
----- (1932b), “The Bible and the Spade,” Pentecostal Evangel,10 September, p. 10.
----- (1927b), “Bible Study by Correspondence,” Pentecostal Evangel, 12 February, pp. 15-16.
----- (1937), “Bolivar, Mo.,” Pentecostal Evangel, 6 November 1937, p. 10.
----- (1931), “The Great Apostasy,” Church of God Evangel, 16 May, pp. 1-2.
----- (1911), “The Growing Apostasy,” The Bridegroom’s Messenger, 1 June, p. 4.
----- (1936c), “Holding Fast the Faithful Word,” Pentecostal Evangel, 26 December, pp. 8-9.
----- (1923a), “Miracles of Healing,” Word and Work, March, pp. 10-11.
----- (1925), “Notes from So. Missouri District,” Pentecostal Evangel, 19 December, p. 12.
----- (1927a), “Pastor Tells of Visitation,” Pentecostal Evangel, 9 July, p. 9.
----- (1921), “The Remedy for Higher Criticism,” Latter Rain Evangel, December, pp. 13-14.
----- (1936a), “Scofield Reference Bible,” Church of God Evangel, 18 April, p. 16.
----- (1922), “The Scofield Reference Bible,” Faithful Standard, June 1922, p. 17.
----- (1932a), “Spade Confirms Bible,” Pentecostal Evangel, 9 July, p. 5.
----- (1936b), “The ‘Whole Bible’ Course for our Sunday School,” Pentecostal Evangel, 11 April, pp. 1, 8.
----- (1923b), “The Whole Bible Sunday School Lesson Series,” The Searchlight, 7 September, p. 1.
Barabas, S. (1952), So Great Salvation: The History and Message of the Keswick Convention. Westwood, New Jersey: Revell.
Barr, J. (1981), Fundamentalism. London: SCM Press.
Bassett, P. (1978), “The Fundamentalist Leavening of the Holiness Movement: 1914-1940,” Wesleyan Theological Journal 13, pp. 65-91.
Beale, D. (1986), In Pursuit of Purity: American Fundamentalism Since 1850. Greenville, South Carolina: Unusual Publications.
Bebbington, D. (1989), Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s. London: Routledge.
Beecher, H.W. (1885), Evolution and Religion. New York: Fords, Howard, & Hulbert.
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Faupel, D.W. (1986), The Everlasting Gospel: The Significance of Eschatology in the Development of Pentecostal Thought. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press.
----- (1993), “Whither Pentecostalism?” Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies 15, pp. 9-27.
Fostelew, S.R. (1929), “Lord, What wilt Thou have me to Do?” Latter Rain Evangel, January, pp. 14-16.
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----- (1924), “Fundamentalism Plus,” Pentecostal Evangel, 12 July, p. 4.
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Gladden, W. (1901), Social Salvation. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Hoover, J.N. (1930a), “The Baptism and Ministry of the Holy Spirit,” Latter Rain Evangel, July 1930, pp. 5-7, 21.
----- (1930b), “Bible Bolsheviks: The Tragedy of Modern Theology,” Latter Rain Evangel, June, pp. 3-5, 9.
Howard, R. (2004), “David du Plessis: Pentecost’s ‘Ambassador-at-Large’” in W. Ma and R. Menzies, eds., The Spirit and Spirituality: Essays in Honour of Russell P. Spittler. London: T and T Clark.
Hutchison, W. (1976), The Modernist Impulse in American Protestantism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Klink, O. (1931a), “Why I am not an Atheist”. Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House.
----- (1931b), “Why I am not an Evolutionist”. Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House.
----- (1938), “Why I am not a Modernist: An Attempt to Prove the Divineness of the Bible”. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Northern Gospel Publishing House. [Flower Pentecostal Heritage Center, Springfield, Missouri].
Land, S. (2001), Pentecostal Spirituality: A Passion for the Kingdom. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press.
Larson, E. (1997), Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press.
Latimer, S.W. (1937), “The Dispensation of Innocence,” Church of God Evangel, 13 March, pp. 1, 14.
Lee, F.J. (1923), Book of Prophecy. Cleveland, Tennessee: Church of God Publishing House.
----- (1925), “Divine Healing”. Cleveland, Tennessee: Church of God Publishing House.
McPherson, A.S. (1921), “Methodism and Pentecost,” Word and Work, January, p. 14.
Macchia, F. (2006), Baptized in the Spirit: A Global Pentecostal Theology. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan.
Marsden, G. (1980), Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Menzies, W. (1975), “The Non-Wesleyan Origins of the Pentecostal Movement” in V. Synan, ed., Aspects of Pentecostal-Charismatic Origins. Plainfield, New Jersey: Logos International, pp. 81-98.
Noll, M. (1980), Between Faith and Criticism: Evangelicals, Scholarship, and the Bible, 2nd ed., Leicester, UK: Apollos.
Norton, A. (1909), “‘Rain in the Time of the Latter Rain’ – A Testimony,” The Bridegroom’s Messenger, 1 June, p. 3.
Olson, R. (2007), Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press.
Pearlman, M. (1931), Why We Believe the Bible is God’s Book. Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House.
Pierson, A.T. (1907a), “‘Speaking with Tongues,’” Missionary Review of the World, July, pp. 487-92.
----- (1907b), “Speaking with Tongues – II,” Missionary Review of the World, September, pp. 682-84.
----- (1907c), “‘Speaking With Tongues’,” Our Hope, July, pp. 35-42.
Price, C.S. (1922), “A Personal Testimony,” Word and Work, October, pp. 4-5.
Prosser, P. (1999), Dispensationalist Eschatology and its Influence on American and British Religious Movements. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.
Ramsay (1936), “Back to the Whole Bible,” Pentecostal Evangel, 12 September, p. 5.
----- (1940), “He Wants a Shorter Bible,” Pentecostal Evangel, 8 June, p. 4.
Rauschenbusch, W. (1907), Christianity and the Social Crisis. New York: Macmillan.
Riley, W.B. (1926), “Fundamentalism Knows no Relation to Pentecostalism,” Christian Fundamentals in School and Church, January-March, pp. 31-35. [Northwestern College Archives, St. Paul, Minnesota]
----- (1907), “Speaking with Tongues”. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Hall, Black & Co. [Northwestern College Archives, St. Paul, Minnesota]
Robinson, C. (1939), God and His Bible. Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House.
Ruthven, J. (2003), On the Cessation of the Charismata: The Protestant Polemic on Postbiblical Miracles. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press.
Sandeen, E. (1970), The Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism, 1800-1930. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Sexton, E. (1909), “The Laodicean Age,” The Bridegroom’s Messenger, 15 March, p. 1.
Shreve, C. (1920), “Great Outpouring in Washington,” The Bridal Call, May, p. 13.
----- (1922), “How Pentecost Came to McKendree,” Latter Rain Evangel, July, pp. 13-15.
Spittler, R. (1994), “Are Pentecostals and Charismatics Fundamentalists?: A Review of American Uses of These Categories” in K. Poewe, ed., Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, pp. 103-16.
Stemme, H. (1938), The Faith of a Pentecostal Christian. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Word & Witness Publishing Company. [Steven Carter Collection – Asbury Theological Seminary Archives, Wilmore, Kentucky]
Straton, J.R. (1927), Divine Healing in Scripture and Life. New York: The Christian Alliance Publishing Company.
Sumrall, L. (1995) Pioneers of Faith. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Harrison House.
Sutton, M. (2003), “‘Between the Refrigerator and the Wildfire’: Aimee Semple McPherson, Pentecostalism, and the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy,” Church History, March, pp. 159-88.
Tomlinson, A.J. (1922), “God Bless the Fundamental Baptists,” Faithful Standard, July, p. 24.
----- (1918), “The Translation Power: The Work of the Holy Spirit in the Last Days Emergency,” Church of God Evangel, 2 March, p. 1.
----- (1915b). “Dr. Gush’s Church,” Church of God Evangel, 16 October, p. 3.
----- (1915a). “The Financial System of Dr. Gush’s Church,” Church of God Evangel, 9 October, p. 3.
Torrey, R.A. (1974), Divine Healing. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker; reprint Revell: 1924.
Urshan, A. (1967), The Life Story of Andrew Bar David Urshan. Portland, Oregon: Apostolic Book Publishers.
Webb, L.A. (1932), “A Dead Christianity Embalmed in Worldly Respectability,” Church of God Evangel, 30 January, p. 1.
Weber, T. (1979), Living in the Shadow of the Second Coming: American Premillennialism, 1875-1925. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, J. (1920), “Great Days in Philadelphia,” The Bridal Call, December, p. 20.
Wuthnow, R. and M. Lawson (1994), “Sources of Christian Fundamentalism in the United States” in M. Marty and S. Appleby, eds., Accounting for Fundamentalism: The Dynamic Character of Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 18-56.
Yong, A. (2005), The Spirit Poured out on all Flesh: Pentecostalism and the Possibility of Global Theology. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic.
Abrams, M. (1906), “The Baptism of the Holy Spirit at Mukti,” Missionary Review of the World, August 1906, pp. 619-20.
Ammerman, N. (1987), Bible Believers: Fundamentalists in the Modern World. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
Anderson, A (2007), Spreading Fires: The Missionary Nature of Early Pentecostalism. London: SCM Press.
Anonymous (1916), “Back to the Fundamentals,” Weekly Evangel, 23 September, p. 7.
----- (1932b), “The Bible and the Spade,” Pentecostal Evangel,10 September, p. 10.
----- (1927b), “Bible Study by Correspondence,” Pentecostal Evangel, 12 February, pp. 15-16.
----- (1937), “Bolivar, Mo.,” Pentecostal Evangel, 6 November 1937, p. 10.
----- (1931), “The Great Apostasy,” Church of God Evangel, 16 May, pp. 1-2.
----- (1911), “The Growing Apostasy,” The Bridegroom’s Messenger, 1 June, p. 4.
----- (1936c), “Holding Fast the Faithful Word,” Pentecostal Evangel, 26 December, pp. 8-9.
----- (1923a), “Miracles of Healing,” Word and Work, March, pp. 10-11.
----- (1925), “Notes from So. Missouri District,” Pentecostal Evangel, 19 December, p. 12.
----- (1927a), “Pastor Tells of Visitation,” Pentecostal Evangel, 9 July, p. 9.
----- (1921), “The Remedy for Higher Criticism,” Latter Rain Evangel, December, pp. 13-14.
----- (1936a), “Scofield Reference Bible,” Church of God Evangel, 18 April, p. 16.
----- (1922), “The Scofield Reference Bible,” Faithful Standard, June 1922, p. 17.
----- (1932a), “Spade Confirms Bible,” Pentecostal Evangel, 9 July, p. 5.
----- (1936b), “The ‘Whole Bible’ Course for our Sunday School,” Pentecostal Evangel, 11 April, pp. 1, 8.
----- (1923b), “The Whole Bible Sunday School Lesson Series,” The Searchlight, 7 September, p. 1.
Barabas, S. (1952), So Great Salvation: The History and Message of the Keswick Convention. Westwood, New Jersey: Revell.
Barr, J. (1981), Fundamentalism. London: SCM Press.
Bassett, P. (1978), “The Fundamentalist Leavening of the Holiness Movement: 1914-1940,” Wesleyan Theological Journal 13, pp. 65-91.
Beale, D. (1986), In Pursuit of Purity: American Fundamentalism Since 1850. Greenville, South Carolina: Unusual Publications.
Bebbington, D. (1989), Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s. London: Routledge.
Beecher, H.W. (1885), Evolution and Religion. New York: Fords, Howard, & Hulbert.
Boone, K. (1989), The Bible Tells Them So: The Discourse of Protestant Fundamentalism. London: SCM Press.
Bosworth, F.F. (1924), Christ the Healer, author.
Carpenter, J. (1984), “The Fundamentalist Leaven and the Rise of an Evangelical United Front” in L. Sweet, ed., The Evangelical Tradition in America. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, pp. 257-88.
Dake, F.J. (1931), Revelation Expounded, author.
Dixon, A.C. (n.d.), “Speaking with Tongues”, author.
Drummond, H. (1984), The Ascent of Man. New York: James Pott & Co.
Faupel, D.W. (1986), The Everlasting Gospel: The Significance of Eschatology in the Development of Pentecostal Thought. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press.
----- (1993), “Whither Pentecostalism?” Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies 15, pp. 9-27.
Fostelew, S.R. (1929), “Lord, What wilt Thou have me to Do?” Latter Rain Evangel, January, pp. 14-16.
Franklin, W.J. (1969), Biography of A. S. Copley, author. [Flower Pentecostal Heritage Center, Springfield, Missouri].
Frey, M.E. (1939), The Minister. Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House.
Frodsham, S.H. (1928), “Disfellowshiped,” Pentecostal Evangel, 18 August, p. 7.
----- (1924), “Fundamentalism Plus,” Pentecostal Evangel, 12 July, p. 4.
Fry, G. (1976), “Pentecostalism in Historical Perspective,” The Springfielder, March, pp. 182, 192.
Gaebelein, A.C. (1925), The Healing Question. New York: Offices of ‘Our Hope’.
Gladden, W. (1901), Social Salvation. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Hoover, J.N. (1930a), “The Baptism and Ministry of the Holy Spirit,” Latter Rain Evangel, July 1930, pp. 5-7, 21.
----- (1930b), “Bible Bolsheviks: The Tragedy of Modern Theology,” Latter Rain Evangel, June, pp. 3-5, 9.
Howard, R. (2004), “David du Plessis: Pentecost’s ‘Ambassador-at-Large’” in W. Ma and R. Menzies, eds., The Spirit and Spirituality: Essays in Honour of Russell P. Spittler. London: T and T Clark.
Hutchison, W. (1976), The Modernist Impulse in American Protestantism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Klink, O. (1931a), “Why I am not an Atheist”. Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House.
----- (1931b), “Why I am not an Evolutionist”. Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House.
----- (1938), “Why I am not a Modernist: An Attempt to Prove the Divineness of the Bible”. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Northern Gospel Publishing House. [Flower Pentecostal Heritage Center, Springfield, Missouri].
Land, S. (2001), Pentecostal Spirituality: A Passion for the Kingdom. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press.
Larson, E. (1997), Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press.
Latimer, S.W. (1937), “The Dispensation of Innocence,” Church of God Evangel, 13 March, pp. 1, 14.
Lee, F.J. (1923), Book of Prophecy. Cleveland, Tennessee: Church of God Publishing House.
----- (1925), “Divine Healing”. Cleveland, Tennessee: Church of God Publishing House.
McPherson, A.S. (1921), “Methodism and Pentecost,” Word and Work, January, p. 14.
Macchia, F. (2006), Baptized in the Spirit: A Global Pentecostal Theology. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan.
Marsden, G. (1980), Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Menzies, W. (1975), “The Non-Wesleyan Origins of the Pentecostal Movement” in V. Synan, ed., Aspects of Pentecostal-Charismatic Origins. Plainfield, New Jersey: Logos International, pp. 81-98.
Noll, M. (1980), Between Faith and Criticism: Evangelicals, Scholarship, and the Bible, 2nd ed., Leicester, UK: Apollos.
Norton, A. (1909), “‘Rain in the Time of the Latter Rain’ – A Testimony,” The Bridegroom’s Messenger, 1 June, p. 3.
Olson, R. (2007), Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press.
Pearlman, M. (1931), Why We Believe the Bible is God’s Book. Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House.
Pierson, A.T. (1907a), “‘Speaking with Tongues,’” Missionary Review of the World, July, pp. 487-92.
----- (1907b), “Speaking with Tongues – II,” Missionary Review of the World, September, pp. 682-84.
----- (1907c), “‘Speaking With Tongues’,” Our Hope, July, pp. 35-42.
Price, C.S. (1922), “A Personal Testimony,” Word and Work, October, pp. 4-5.
Prosser, P. (1999), Dispensationalist Eschatology and its Influence on American and British Religious Movements. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.
Ramsay (1936), “Back to the Whole Bible,” Pentecostal Evangel, 12 September, p. 5.
----- (1940), “He Wants a Shorter Bible,” Pentecostal Evangel, 8 June, p. 4.
Rauschenbusch, W. (1907), Christianity and the Social Crisis. New York: Macmillan.
Riley, W.B. (1926), “Fundamentalism Knows no Relation to Pentecostalism,” Christian Fundamentals in School and Church, January-March, pp. 31-35. [Northwestern College Archives, St. Paul, Minnesota]
----- (1907), “Speaking with Tongues”. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Hall, Black & Co. [Northwestern College Archives, St. Paul, Minnesota]
Robinson, C. (1939), God and His Bible. Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House.
Ruthven, J. (2003), On the Cessation of the Charismata: The Protestant Polemic on Postbiblical Miracles. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press.
Sandeen, E. (1970), The Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism, 1800-1930. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Sexton, E. (1909), “The Laodicean Age,” The Bridegroom’s Messenger, 15 March, p. 1.
Shreve, C. (1920), “Great Outpouring in Washington,” The Bridal Call, May, p. 13.
----- (1922), “How Pentecost Came to McKendree,” Latter Rain Evangel, July, pp. 13-15.
Spittler, R. (1994), “Are Pentecostals and Charismatics Fundamentalists?: A Review of American Uses of These Categories” in K. Poewe, ed., Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, pp. 103-16.
Stemme, H. (1938), The Faith of a Pentecostal Christian. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Word & Witness Publishing Company. [Steven Carter Collection – Asbury Theological Seminary Archives, Wilmore, Kentucky]
Straton, J.R. (1927), Divine Healing in Scripture and Life. New York: The Christian Alliance Publishing Company.
Sumrall, L. (1995) Pioneers of Faith. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Harrison House.
Sutton, M. (2003), “‘Between the Refrigerator and the Wildfire’: Aimee Semple McPherson, Pentecostalism, and the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy,” Church History, March, pp. 159-88.
Tomlinson, A.J. (1922), “God Bless the Fundamental Baptists,” Faithful Standard, July, p. 24.
----- (1918), “The Translation Power: The Work of the Holy Spirit in the Last Days Emergency,” Church of God Evangel, 2 March, p. 1.
----- (1915b). “Dr. Gush’s Church,” Church of God Evangel, 16 October, p. 3.
----- (1915a). “The Financial System of Dr. Gush’s Church,” Church of God Evangel, 9 October, p. 3.
Torrey, R.A. (1974), Divine Healing. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker; reprint Revell: 1924.
Urshan, A. (1967), The Life Story of Andrew Bar David Urshan. Portland, Oregon: Apostolic Book Publishers.
Webb, L.A. (1932), “A Dead Christianity Embalmed in Worldly Respectability,” Church of God Evangel, 30 January, p. 1.
Weber, T. (1979), Living in the Shadow of the Second Coming: American Premillennialism, 1875-1925. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, J. (1920), “Great Days in Philadelphia,” The Bridal Call, December, p. 20.
Wuthnow, R. and M. Lawson (1994), “Sources of Christian Fundamentalism in the United States” in M. Marty and S. Appleby, eds., Accounting for Fundamentalism: The Dynamic Character of Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 18-56.
Yong, A. (2005), The Spirit Poured out on all Flesh: Pentecostalism and the Possibility of Global Theology. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic.
Published
2009-07-11
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
King, G. (2009). Streams of Convergence. PentecoStudies, 7(2), 64-84. https://doi.org/10.1558/ptcs.v7i2.64
