Aspiring Narratives of Previous Births in Written and Visual Media from Ancient Gandh?ra
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/post.38201Keywords:
Jātaka, Avadāna, Pūrvayoga, Buddhist manuscripts, Buddhist Art, GandharaAbstract
A wide range of practices emerged for venerating the Buddha’s embodied presence in textual and visual relics.This article considers ways in which hagiographical narratives of previous births preserved in written and visual media may be considered as embodiments in Dharma (Dharmak?ya). The study focuses on G?ndh?r? Buddist manuscipts with abbreviated written summaries of narratives labeled as Avad?nas and P?rvayogas. Results of a survey of images identified as J?takas in Gandh?ran art are also integrated for a comprehensive understanding of the iconic function of rebirth narratives, which were emplaced in the sacralized landscape of the Northwest.
References
Allon, Mark. 2001. Three G?ndh?r? Ekottar?k?gama-type sutras: British Library Kharo??h? fragments 12 and 14. Gandh?ran Buddhist Texts 2. Seattle: University of Washington Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10783-005-8898-1
Allon, Mark. 2007. “Introduction: The Senior Manuscripts.” In Andrew Glass, Four Ga?ndha?ri? Sam?yukta?gama sutras: Senior Kharos?t?hi fragment 5, 3–25. Gandha?ran Buddhist Texts 4. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Allon, Mark and Richard Salomon. 2010. “New Evidence for the Mah?y?na in Early Gandh?ra.” Eastern Buddhist 41: 1–22.
Appadurai, Arjun. 1986. “Commodities and Politics of Value.” In The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, edited by Arjun Appadurai, 3–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900069420
Appleton, Naomi and Sarah Shaw, trans. 2015. The Ten Great Birth Stories of the Buddha: The Mah?nip?ta of the J?takatthava??an?. 2 volumes. Chiang Mai: Silkworm.
Baums, Stefan. 2009. “A G?ndh?r? Commentary on Early Buddhist Verses: British Library Kharo??h? fragments 7, 9, 13 and 18.” PhD dissertation. Seattle: University of Washington.
———. 2012. “Catalog and Revised Texts and Translations of Gandharan Reliquary Inscriptions.” In Gandharan Buddhist Reliquaries, edited by David Jongeward, Elizabeth Errington, Richard Salomon, and Stefan Baums, 200–251. Seattle: University of Washington Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s135618631300028x
———. 2015. “Commentary: Overview.” In Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Volume 1, edited by Jonathan Silk, 409–418. Leiden: Brill.
Baums, Stefan and Andrew Glass. 2019. Gandhari Language and Literature. Catalog of Kharo??h? Inscriptions [CKI]. https://www.gandhari.org/a_inscriptions.php; Catalog of Gandhari Texts. https://www.gandhari.org/a_catalog.php; Bibliography of G?ndh?r? Studies: https://www.gandhari.org/a_bibliography.php
Beal, Samuel, trans. 1884. Si-yu-ki. Buddhist Records of the Western World. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner.
Braarvig, Jens. 2014. “The Schøyen Collection.” In From Birch Bark to Digital Data, ed. Paul Harrison and Jens-Uwe Hartmann, 157–164. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. http://austriaca.at/7581-0inhalt?frames=yes
Brough, John, ed. 1962. The G?ndh?r? Dharmapada. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brown, Robert. 1997. “Narrative as Icon: The J?taka Stories in Ancient Indian and Southeast Asian Architecture.” In Sacred Biography in the Buddhist Traditions of South and Southeast Asia, edited Juliane Schober, 64–109. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Campany, Robert Ford. 1991. “Notes on the Devotional Uses and Symbolic Functions of S?tra Texts as Depicted in Early Chinese Buddhist Miracle Tales and Hagiographies.” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 14(1): 28–72.
Campany, Robert Ford. 2012. Signs from the Unseen Realm: Buddhist Miracle Tales from Early Medieval China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. http://austriaca.at/7581-0inhalt?frames=yes
Chavannes, Édouard. 1903. “Voyage de Song Yun dans l’Udyana et le Gandhara (518–522 p.C).” Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient 3: 379–440. https://doi.org/10.3406/befeo.1903.1235
Collins, Steven, ed. 2016. Readings of the Vessantara Jataka. New York: Columbia University Press.
Cox, Collett. 2014. “G?ndh?r? Kharo??h? Manuscripts: Exegetical Texts.” In From Birch Bark to Digital Data, edited by Paul Harrison and Jens-Uwe Hartmann, 35–49. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. http://austriaca.at/7581-0inhalt?frames=yes
Deeg, Max. 2005. Das Gaoseng-Faxian-Zhuan als religionsgeschichtliche Quelle: der älteste Bericht eines chinesischen buddhistischen Pilgermönchs über seine Reise nach Indien mit Ubersetzung des Textes. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Drewes, David. 2007. “Revisiting the phrase ‘sa pr?thv?prade?a? caityabh?to bhavet’ and the Mah?y?na Cult of the Book.” Indo-Iranian Journal 50: 101–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10783-007-9052-z
Falk, Harry. 2011. “The ‘Split’ Collection of Kharo??h? Texts.” S?ka daigaku kokusai bukky?gaku k?t? kenky?jo nenp? (Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University) 14: 13–23. http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/orc/Publications/ARIRIAB/pdf/ARIRIAB-14.pdf
Falk, Harry and Seishi Karashima. 2012. “A First-Century Prajñ?p?ramit? Manuscript from Gandh?ra – parivarta 1 (Texts from the Split Collection 1).” S?ka daigaku kokusai bukky?gaku k?t? kenky?jo nenp? (Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University) 15: 19–61. http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/orc/Publications/ARIRIAB/pdf/ARIRIAB-15.pdf
———. 2013. “A First-Century Prajñ?p?ramit? Manuscript from Gandh?ra – parivarta 5 (Texts from the Split Collection 2).” S?ka daigaku kokusai bukky?gaku k?t? kenky?jo nenp? (Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University) 16: 97–169. http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/orc/Publications/ARIRIAB/pdf/ARIRIAB-16.pdf
Falk, Harry and Ingo Strauch. 2014. “The Bajaur and Split Collections of Kharo??h? Manuscripts within the Context of Buddhist G?ndh?r? Literature.” In From Birch Bark to Digital Data, edited by Paul Harrison and Jens-Uwe Hartmann, 51–78. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. http://austriaca.at/7581-0inhalt?frames=yes
Foucher, Alfred. 1915 [1901]. “Notes sur la géographie ancienne du Gandhâra.” Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient 1: 322–369. https://doi.org/10.3406/befeo.1901.1060
———. 1932. L’art gréco-bouddhique du Gandhâra; étude sur les origines de l’influence classique dans l’art bouddhique de l’Inde et de l’Extrême-Orient. Vol. 2. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. https://doi.org/10.2307/624457
Fussman, Gérard. 1982. “Documents épigraphiques kouchans (III): L’inscription Kharo??h? de Senavarma, roi d’O?i: une nouvelle lecture.” Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient 71: 1–46. https://doi.org/10.3406/befeo.1982.1466
Germano, David and Kevin Trainor, eds. 2004. Embodying the Dharma: Buddhist Relic Veneration in Asia. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Hargreaves, Harold, trans. Notes on the Ancient Geography of Gandh?ra: A commentary on a chapter of Hiuan Tsang. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
Harrison, Paul. 1992. “Is the Dharma-k?ya the Real ‘Phantom Body’ of the Buddha?” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 15(1): 44–92.
Harrison, Paul and Jens-Uwe Hartmann, eds. 2014. From Birch Bark to Digital Data: Recent Advances in Buddhist Manuscript Research. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. http://austriaca.at/7581-0inhalt?frames=yes
Hartmann, Jens-Uwe. 2009. “From Words to Books: Indian Buddhist manuscripts in the first millennium CE.” In Buddhist Manuscript Cultures: Knowledge, ritual, and art, edited by Stephen Berkwitz, Juliane Schober, and Claudia Brown, 95–105. Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1163/001972409x12645171002298
Kieschnick, John. 2003. Chinese Buddhism and Material Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Lenz, Timothy. 2003. A New Version of the G?ndh?r? Dharmapada and a Collection of Previous-birth Stories: British Library Kharo??h? fragments 16 + 25. Gandh?ran Buddhist Texts 3. Seattle: University of Washington Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/4132130
Lenz, Timothy.. 2010. Gandh?ran Avad?nas: British Library Kharos?t?hi? fragments 1–3 and 21 and supplementary fragments A-C. Gandh?ran Buddhist Texts 6. Seattle: University of Washington Press. https://doi.org/10.1163/15728536-05800008
Lewis, Todd. 2000. Popular Buddhist texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism. Albany: State University of New York Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-721x(03)00037-x
———. 2015. “Avad?nas and J?takas in the Newar Tradition of the Kathmandu Valley: Ritual Performances of Mah?y?na Buddhist Narratives.” Religion Compass 9/8: 233–253.
Li Rongxi, trans. 1996. The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions. Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research.
———. 2002. “Journey of the Eminent Monk Faxian.” In Lives of Great Monks and Nuns. Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research.
Lopez, Donald S., Carla M. Sinopoli, Chun Wa Chan, Donald S. Lopez Jr., Ha Nul Jun, Keiko Yokota, Kevin Gray Carr, and Rebecca Bloom. 2017. Hyecho’s Journey: The World of Buddhism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsr.13926
Matsuda, Kazunobu. 2014. “Japanese Collections of Buddhist Manuscript Fragments from the Same Region as the Schøyen Collection.” In From Birch Bark to Digital Data, edited by Paul Harrison and Jens-Uwe Hartmann, 165–170. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. http://austriaca.at/7581-0inhalt?frames=yes
Neelis, Jason. 2011. Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. Leiden: Brill. http://www.oapen.org/search?identifier=627414
———. 2013. “Buddhism in Gandh?ra.” Oxford Bibliographies Online. http://doi.org.10.1093/obo/9780195393521-010
———. 2019. Making Places for Buddhism in Gandh?ra: Stories of Previous Births in Image and Text.“ In The Geography of Gandh?ran Art, edited by Wannaporn Rienjang and Peter Stewart, 175–185. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Rambelli, Fabio. 2007. Buddhist Materiality: A Cultural History of Objects in Japanese Buddhism. Stanford: Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1086/649531
Rotman, Andy. 2009. Thus Have I Seen: Visualizing Faith in Early Indian Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.3202/caa.reviews.2011.141
Salomon, Richard. 1999. Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandh?ra: The British Library Kharo??h? fragments. London and Seattle: British Library and University of Washington Press. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.37-1505
Salomon, Richard. 2000. A G?ndh?r? version of the Rhinoceros Sutra: British Library Kharo??h? fragment 5B. Gandh?ran Buddhist Texts 1. Seattle: University of Washington Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10783-005-1693-1
———. 2003. “The Senior Manuscripts: Another Collection of Gandh?ran Buddhist Scrolls.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 123(1): 73–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/3217845
———. 2008. Two G?ndh?r? manuscripts of the Songs of Lake Anavatapta (Anavatapta-g?th?): British Library Kharo??h? fragment 1 and Senior Scroll 14. Gandha?ran Buddhist Texts 5. Seattle: University of Washington Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0922.2010.01436_3.x
———. 2014. “G?ndh?r? Manuscripts in the British Library, Schøyen and Other Collections.” In From Birch Bark to Digital Data, edited by Paul Harrison and Jens-Uwe Hartmann, 1–17. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. http://austriaca.at/7581-0inhalt?frames=yes
———. 2018. The Buddhist Literature of Ancient Gandh?ra: An Introduction with Selected Translations. Somerville MA: Wisdom.
Schopen, Gregory. 1975. “The Phrase sa pr?thv?prade?a? caityabh?to bhavet in the Vajracchedik?: Notes on the Cult of the Book in Mah?y?na.” Indo-Iranian Journal 17: 147–181. https://doi.org/10.1163/000000075790079574
———. 1987. “Burial Ad Sanctos and the Physical Presence of the Buddha in Early Indian Buddhism: A Study in the Archaeology of Religions.” Religion 17: 193–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-721x(87)90116-3
———. 1997. Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and texts of Monastic Buddhism in India. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/000842980203100356
———. 2005. Figments and Fragments of Mah?y?na Buddhism in India: More collected papers. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
———. 2010. “The Book as Sacred Object in Private Homes in Early or Medieval India.” In Medieval and Early Modern Devotional Objects in Global Perspective: Translations of the Sacred, edited by Elizabeth Robertson and Jennifer Jahner, 37-60. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Shinohara, Koichi. 2003. “The Story of the Buddha’s Begging Bowl: Imagining Biography and Sacred Places.” In Pilgrims, Patrons, and Place: Localizing Sanctity in Asian Religions, edited by Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara, 68–107. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/000842980703600237
Skilling, Peter. 2005. “Cutting Across Categories: Relics in P?li Texts, the Bhadrakalpika-s?tra, and the Saddharmapu??ar?ka-s?tra.” S?ka daigaku kokusai bukky?gaku k?t? kenky?jo nenp? (Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University) 8: 269–332. http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/content/pdf/aririab/Vol.%20VIII%20(2005)%20[rev.4Aug2010].pdf
Stargardt, Janice and Michael Willis, eds. 2018. Relics and Relic Worship in Early Buddhism: India, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka and Burma. Research Publication 218. London: British Museum.
Strauch, Ingo. 2008. “The Bajaur Collection of Kharo??h? Manuscripts – a preliminary survey.” Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik 25: 103–136.
———. Strauch, Ingo. 2010. “More Missing Pieces of Early Pure Land Buddhism: New Evidence for Ak?obhya and Abhirati in an Early Mah?y?na S?tra from Gandh?ra.” Eastern Buddhist 41: 23–66.
———. 2014. “Looking into water pots and over a Buddhist scribe’s shoulder – On the deposition and the use of manuscripts in early Buddhism.” Asiatische Studien 68: 797–830. https://doi.org/10.1515/asia-2014-0063
Strong, John. 2004. Relics of the Buddha. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Tournier, Vincent. 2017. La formation du Mah?vastu et la mise en place des conceptions relatives à la carrière du bodhisattva. Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient. https://doi.org/10.3406/befeo.1997.2475
Trainor, Kevin. 1997. Relics, Ritual, and Representation in Buddhism: Rematerializing the Sri Lankan Therav?da tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300016217
Willis, Michael. 2000. Buddhist Reliquaries from Ancient India. London: British Museum.
Allon, Mark. 2007. “Introduction: The Senior Manuscripts.” In Andrew Glass, Four Ga?ndha?ri? Sam?yukta?gama sutras: Senior Kharos?t?hi fragment 5, 3–25. Gandha?ran Buddhist Texts 4. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Allon, Mark and Richard Salomon. 2010. “New Evidence for the Mah?y?na in Early Gandh?ra.” Eastern Buddhist 41: 1–22.
Appadurai, Arjun. 1986. “Commodities and Politics of Value.” In The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, edited by Arjun Appadurai, 3–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900069420
Appleton, Naomi and Sarah Shaw, trans. 2015. The Ten Great Birth Stories of the Buddha: The Mah?nip?ta of the J?takatthava??an?. 2 volumes. Chiang Mai: Silkworm.
Baums, Stefan. 2009. “A G?ndh?r? Commentary on Early Buddhist Verses: British Library Kharo??h? fragments 7, 9, 13 and 18.” PhD dissertation. Seattle: University of Washington.
———. 2012. “Catalog and Revised Texts and Translations of Gandharan Reliquary Inscriptions.” In Gandharan Buddhist Reliquaries, edited by David Jongeward, Elizabeth Errington, Richard Salomon, and Stefan Baums, 200–251. Seattle: University of Washington Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s135618631300028x
———. 2015. “Commentary: Overview.” In Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Volume 1, edited by Jonathan Silk, 409–418. Leiden: Brill.
Baums, Stefan and Andrew Glass. 2019. Gandhari Language and Literature. Catalog of Kharo??h? Inscriptions [CKI]. https://www.gandhari.org/a_inscriptions.php; Catalog of Gandhari Texts. https://www.gandhari.org/a_catalog.php; Bibliography of G?ndh?r? Studies: https://www.gandhari.org/a_bibliography.php
Beal, Samuel, trans. 1884. Si-yu-ki. Buddhist Records of the Western World. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner.
Braarvig, Jens. 2014. “The Schøyen Collection.” In From Birch Bark to Digital Data, ed. Paul Harrison and Jens-Uwe Hartmann, 157–164. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. http://austriaca.at/7581-0inhalt?frames=yes
Brough, John, ed. 1962. The G?ndh?r? Dharmapada. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brown, Robert. 1997. “Narrative as Icon: The J?taka Stories in Ancient Indian and Southeast Asian Architecture.” In Sacred Biography in the Buddhist Traditions of South and Southeast Asia, edited Juliane Schober, 64–109. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Campany, Robert Ford. 1991. “Notes on the Devotional Uses and Symbolic Functions of S?tra Texts as Depicted in Early Chinese Buddhist Miracle Tales and Hagiographies.” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 14(1): 28–72.
Campany, Robert Ford. 2012. Signs from the Unseen Realm: Buddhist Miracle Tales from Early Medieval China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. http://austriaca.at/7581-0inhalt?frames=yes
Chavannes, Édouard. 1903. “Voyage de Song Yun dans l’Udyana et le Gandhara (518–522 p.C).” Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient 3: 379–440. https://doi.org/10.3406/befeo.1903.1235
Collins, Steven, ed. 2016. Readings of the Vessantara Jataka. New York: Columbia University Press.
Cox, Collett. 2014. “G?ndh?r? Kharo??h? Manuscripts: Exegetical Texts.” In From Birch Bark to Digital Data, edited by Paul Harrison and Jens-Uwe Hartmann, 35–49. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. http://austriaca.at/7581-0inhalt?frames=yes
Deeg, Max. 2005. Das Gaoseng-Faxian-Zhuan als religionsgeschichtliche Quelle: der älteste Bericht eines chinesischen buddhistischen Pilgermönchs über seine Reise nach Indien mit Ubersetzung des Textes. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Drewes, David. 2007. “Revisiting the phrase ‘sa pr?thv?prade?a? caityabh?to bhavet’ and the Mah?y?na Cult of the Book.” Indo-Iranian Journal 50: 101–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10783-007-9052-z
Falk, Harry. 2011. “The ‘Split’ Collection of Kharo??h? Texts.” S?ka daigaku kokusai bukky?gaku k?t? kenky?jo nenp? (Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University) 14: 13–23. http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/orc/Publications/ARIRIAB/pdf/ARIRIAB-14.pdf
Falk, Harry and Seishi Karashima. 2012. “A First-Century Prajñ?p?ramit? Manuscript from Gandh?ra – parivarta 1 (Texts from the Split Collection 1).” S?ka daigaku kokusai bukky?gaku k?t? kenky?jo nenp? (Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University) 15: 19–61. http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/orc/Publications/ARIRIAB/pdf/ARIRIAB-15.pdf
———. 2013. “A First-Century Prajñ?p?ramit? Manuscript from Gandh?ra – parivarta 5 (Texts from the Split Collection 2).” S?ka daigaku kokusai bukky?gaku k?t? kenky?jo nenp? (Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University) 16: 97–169. http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/orc/Publications/ARIRIAB/pdf/ARIRIAB-16.pdf
Falk, Harry and Ingo Strauch. 2014. “The Bajaur and Split Collections of Kharo??h? Manuscripts within the Context of Buddhist G?ndh?r? Literature.” In From Birch Bark to Digital Data, edited by Paul Harrison and Jens-Uwe Hartmann, 51–78. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. http://austriaca.at/7581-0inhalt?frames=yes
Foucher, Alfred. 1915 [1901]. “Notes sur la géographie ancienne du Gandhâra.” Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient 1: 322–369. https://doi.org/10.3406/befeo.1901.1060
———. 1932. L’art gréco-bouddhique du Gandhâra; étude sur les origines de l’influence classique dans l’art bouddhique de l’Inde et de l’Extrême-Orient. Vol. 2. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. https://doi.org/10.2307/624457
Fussman, Gérard. 1982. “Documents épigraphiques kouchans (III): L’inscription Kharo??h? de Senavarma, roi d’O?i: une nouvelle lecture.” Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient 71: 1–46. https://doi.org/10.3406/befeo.1982.1466
Germano, David and Kevin Trainor, eds. 2004. Embodying the Dharma: Buddhist Relic Veneration in Asia. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Hargreaves, Harold, trans. Notes on the Ancient Geography of Gandh?ra: A commentary on a chapter of Hiuan Tsang. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
Harrison, Paul. 1992. “Is the Dharma-k?ya the Real ‘Phantom Body’ of the Buddha?” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 15(1): 44–92.
Harrison, Paul and Jens-Uwe Hartmann, eds. 2014. From Birch Bark to Digital Data: Recent Advances in Buddhist Manuscript Research. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. http://austriaca.at/7581-0inhalt?frames=yes
Hartmann, Jens-Uwe. 2009. “From Words to Books: Indian Buddhist manuscripts in the first millennium CE.” In Buddhist Manuscript Cultures: Knowledge, ritual, and art, edited by Stephen Berkwitz, Juliane Schober, and Claudia Brown, 95–105. Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1163/001972409x12645171002298
Kieschnick, John. 2003. Chinese Buddhism and Material Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Lenz, Timothy. 2003. A New Version of the G?ndh?r? Dharmapada and a Collection of Previous-birth Stories: British Library Kharo??h? fragments 16 + 25. Gandh?ran Buddhist Texts 3. Seattle: University of Washington Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/4132130
Lenz, Timothy.. 2010. Gandh?ran Avad?nas: British Library Kharos?t?hi? fragments 1–3 and 21 and supplementary fragments A-C. Gandh?ran Buddhist Texts 6. Seattle: University of Washington Press. https://doi.org/10.1163/15728536-05800008
Lewis, Todd. 2000. Popular Buddhist texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism. Albany: State University of New York Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-721x(03)00037-x
———. 2015. “Avad?nas and J?takas in the Newar Tradition of the Kathmandu Valley: Ritual Performances of Mah?y?na Buddhist Narratives.” Religion Compass 9/8: 233–253.
Li Rongxi, trans. 1996. The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions. Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research.
———. 2002. “Journey of the Eminent Monk Faxian.” In Lives of Great Monks and Nuns. Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research.
Lopez, Donald S., Carla M. Sinopoli, Chun Wa Chan, Donald S. Lopez Jr., Ha Nul Jun, Keiko Yokota, Kevin Gray Carr, and Rebecca Bloom. 2017. Hyecho’s Journey: The World of Buddhism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsr.13926
Matsuda, Kazunobu. 2014. “Japanese Collections of Buddhist Manuscript Fragments from the Same Region as the Schøyen Collection.” In From Birch Bark to Digital Data, edited by Paul Harrison and Jens-Uwe Hartmann, 165–170. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. http://austriaca.at/7581-0inhalt?frames=yes
Neelis, Jason. 2011. Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. Leiden: Brill. http://www.oapen.org/search?identifier=627414
———. 2013. “Buddhism in Gandh?ra.” Oxford Bibliographies Online. http://doi.org.10.1093/obo/9780195393521-010
———. 2019. Making Places for Buddhism in Gandh?ra: Stories of Previous Births in Image and Text.“ In The Geography of Gandh?ran Art, edited by Wannaporn Rienjang and Peter Stewart, 175–185. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Rambelli, Fabio. 2007. Buddhist Materiality: A Cultural History of Objects in Japanese Buddhism. Stanford: Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1086/649531
Rotman, Andy. 2009. Thus Have I Seen: Visualizing Faith in Early Indian Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.3202/caa.reviews.2011.141
Salomon, Richard. 1999. Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandh?ra: The British Library Kharo??h? fragments. London and Seattle: British Library and University of Washington Press. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.37-1505
Salomon, Richard. 2000. A G?ndh?r? version of the Rhinoceros Sutra: British Library Kharo??h? fragment 5B. Gandh?ran Buddhist Texts 1. Seattle: University of Washington Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10783-005-1693-1
———. 2003. “The Senior Manuscripts: Another Collection of Gandh?ran Buddhist Scrolls.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 123(1): 73–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/3217845
———. 2008. Two G?ndh?r? manuscripts of the Songs of Lake Anavatapta (Anavatapta-g?th?): British Library Kharo??h? fragment 1 and Senior Scroll 14. Gandha?ran Buddhist Texts 5. Seattle: University of Washington Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0922.2010.01436_3.x
———. 2014. “G?ndh?r? Manuscripts in the British Library, Schøyen and Other Collections.” In From Birch Bark to Digital Data, edited by Paul Harrison and Jens-Uwe Hartmann, 1–17. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. http://austriaca.at/7581-0inhalt?frames=yes
———. 2018. The Buddhist Literature of Ancient Gandh?ra: An Introduction with Selected Translations. Somerville MA: Wisdom.
Schopen, Gregory. 1975. “The Phrase sa pr?thv?prade?a? caityabh?to bhavet in the Vajracchedik?: Notes on the Cult of the Book in Mah?y?na.” Indo-Iranian Journal 17: 147–181. https://doi.org/10.1163/000000075790079574
———. 1987. “Burial Ad Sanctos and the Physical Presence of the Buddha in Early Indian Buddhism: A Study in the Archaeology of Religions.” Religion 17: 193–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-721x(87)90116-3
———. 1997. Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and texts of Monastic Buddhism in India. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/000842980203100356
———. 2005. Figments and Fragments of Mah?y?na Buddhism in India: More collected papers. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
———. 2010. “The Book as Sacred Object in Private Homes in Early or Medieval India.” In Medieval and Early Modern Devotional Objects in Global Perspective: Translations of the Sacred, edited by Elizabeth Robertson and Jennifer Jahner, 37-60. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Shinohara, Koichi. 2003. “The Story of the Buddha’s Begging Bowl: Imagining Biography and Sacred Places.” In Pilgrims, Patrons, and Place: Localizing Sanctity in Asian Religions, edited by Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara, 68–107. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/000842980703600237
Skilling, Peter. 2005. “Cutting Across Categories: Relics in P?li Texts, the Bhadrakalpika-s?tra, and the Saddharmapu??ar?ka-s?tra.” S?ka daigaku kokusai bukky?gaku k?t? kenky?jo nenp? (Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University) 8: 269–332. http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/content/pdf/aririab/Vol.%20VIII%20(2005)%20[rev.4Aug2010].pdf
Stargardt, Janice and Michael Willis, eds. 2018. Relics and Relic Worship in Early Buddhism: India, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka and Burma. Research Publication 218. London: British Museum.
Strauch, Ingo. 2008. “The Bajaur Collection of Kharo??h? Manuscripts – a preliminary survey.” Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik 25: 103–136.
———. Strauch, Ingo. 2010. “More Missing Pieces of Early Pure Land Buddhism: New Evidence for Ak?obhya and Abhirati in an Early Mah?y?na S?tra from Gandh?ra.” Eastern Buddhist 41: 23–66.
———. 2014. “Looking into water pots and over a Buddhist scribe’s shoulder – On the deposition and the use of manuscripts in early Buddhism.” Asiatische Studien 68: 797–830. https://doi.org/10.1515/asia-2014-0063
Strong, John. 2004. Relics of the Buddha. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Tournier, Vincent. 2017. La formation du Mah?vastu et la mise en place des conceptions relatives à la carrière du bodhisattva. Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient. https://doi.org/10.3406/befeo.1997.2475
Trainor, Kevin. 1997. Relics, Ritual, and Representation in Buddhism: Rematerializing the Sri Lankan Therav?da tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300016217
Willis, Michael. 2000. Buddhist Reliquaries from Ancient India. London: British Museum.
Published
2019-08-02
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Neelis, J. (2019). Aspiring Narratives of Previous Births in Written and Visual Media from Ancient Gandh?ra. Postscripts: The Journal of Sacred Texts, Cultural Histories, and Contemporary Contexts, 10(1-2), 103-121. https://doi.org/10.1558/post.38201
