Globalization, Modernity and Migration

The Changing Visage of Social Imagination

Authors

  • Darlene Machell de Leon Espena Nanyang Technological University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/cis.v7i1-2.183

Keywords:

migration, Sikh migration, Philippines, globalization

Abstract

In this article, I assert that the recent phenomenon of migration is one apparent and fundamental process that shapes human communities, transforming cultural variation, and distorts the constructs of distance and space. The boundaries of nation-states and identities are constantly being challenged, restructured and interrogated and the trends of modernity and globalization, new ways of projecting feelings and diffusing cultures among displaced communities are produced. The article looks for the new stories that are produced with this vibrant intersection of globalization, modernity and migration. In particular, I focus on the distinct Sikh migrant community in the Philippines: how they have evolved, how the forces of globalization have pervaded their lifestyle and how they have utilized the benefits of recent trends of modernity to survive life beyond India’s borders. I maintain that Sikh migrants choose to stay in the Philippines because they have produced a simulation of life in their home country albeit with perceptible deviations. This transplanted community utilized the benefits of globalization and modernity to modify the limited space they occupy to re-create their homeland and therefore India has been easier to “imagine,” “visualize” and “experience.”

Author Biography

  • Darlene Machell de Leon Espena, Nanyang Technological University
    Darlene Machell de Leon Espena was a former faculty member of the Department of History, Ateneo de Manila University and the Department of History of De La Salle University – Manila. She graduated from the University of the Philippines Manila in 2006 with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts Social Sciences Major in Area Studies (Magna cum Laude). Currently, she is taking up Master of Science in Asian Studies at S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University - Singapore. She is also a member of Pi Gamma Mu International Honor Society, Phi Kappa Phi International Honor Society and the Assistant Secretary of the Philippine Historical Association. Her research interests include South Asian Studies; Migration, Globalization and Religious Imagination; Sikh Diaspora; and Philippine – India Historical, Cinema and Foreign Policy.

References

Primary Sources

Published

Bureau of Census and Statistics. Yearbook of Philippine Statistics. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1946.

De la Rosa, Francisco. Philippine Immigration Laws of 1940. Manila: Benito Gonzales Publishing, 1948.

National Census and Statistics. Philippine Yearbook 1983. Manila: National Census and Statistics, 1982.

Presidential Decree 836. “Granting Citizenship to Deserving Aliens and for other purposes.” Official Gazette 79(19), (9 May 1983): 2702–2731.

U.S. Bureau of Census. Census of the Philippine Islands Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Commission in the Year 1930. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905.

Unpublished

Bureau of Immigration. Number of Indian I-Card Holders 2005–2008. ACR I-Card Database.

———. Statistics of Indian Nationals by Immigration Status CY 1993–2008. Computer Section Database.

———. Statistics of Arriving and Departing Indian Nationals to the Philippines from CY 1993–2008. Computer Section Database.

Filipino - Indian Chamber of Commerce. By Laws. Manila, 1972.

Government of India. White Paper on the Punjabi Agitation. New Delhi, 1984.

Interviews

Athi, Vimal Kumar. Interview by the author, notes, Manila, 23 February 2008.

Bola, Sukhdev. Interview by the author, notes, Manila, 23 February 2008.

Portugaleto, Rodolfo. Interview by the author, notes, Manila, 21 February 2008.

Singh, Surinder Jit. Interview by the author, notes, Manila, 13 July 2008.

Singh, Surjit. Interview by the author, notes, Manila, 13 July 2008.

Secondary Sources

Angangco Ofelia. “The Indian Community in the Philippines.” Unpublished MA thesis, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 1965.

Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.

Brass, Paul. The New Cambridge History of India: The Politics of India since Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Castles, Stephen and Mark Miller. The Age of Migration: International Population Movement in the Modern World. London: Macmillan, 1993.

Chu, Richard. “Catholic, Sangley, Mestizo, Spaniard, Filipino: Negotiating ‘Chinese’ Identities at the Turn-of-the-Twentieth-Century Manila.” In The Philippines as Home: Settlers and Sojourners in the Country, edited by M. Asis, 41–87. Quezon City: Philippine Migration Research Network and Philippine Social Sciences Council, 2001.

Cohen, Robin, ed. Theories of Migration. Brookfield, US: Elgar Reference Collection, 1996.

Fabella, Gabriel. “The Contemporary Indian Community in the Philippines.” Philippine Social Science and Humanities Review 19(1), (March 1954): 15–24.

Francisco, Juan. Indian Influences in the Philippines. Quezon City: Benipayo Printing Co., 1964.

Francisco, Juan. The Philippines and India: Essays in Ancient Cultural Relations. Manila: National Bookstore, 1971.

“India and the Philippines.” Philippines Herald 40(172), (27 January 1960): 1–2.

“Indian traders posing problem?” Daily Mirror 23(8), (10 May 1972): 4.

“Indian Club.” Sunday Times Magazine, 25 September 1949, 38–39.

“Indians in the Philippines.” This Week 5(10), (5 March 1950): 11–22.

Khan, Yasmin. The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007.

“Little India.” Sunday Time Magazine 8(294), (7 June 1953): 10–12.

Macraild, Donald and Avram Taylor. Social Theory and Social History. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

McLeod, W.H. Exploring Sikhism: Aspects of Sikh Identity, Culture and Thought. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001

Miralao, Virginia and Lorna Makil, eds. Exploring Transnational Communities in the Philippines. Quezon City: Philippine Migration Research Network and Philippine Social Science Council, 2007.

Pabla, Tarlochan Kaur. The Punjabi Indian Family in Manila. Manila: CEU Research and Development Center, 1986.

Quiason, Serafin. English “Country Trade” with the Philippines 1644-1765. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1966.

Rye, Ajit Singh. “The Indian Community in the Philippines.” In Indian Communities in Southeast Asia. edited by K.S. Sandhu and A. Mani, 709–773. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993.

Singh, Khushwant. A History of the Sikhs, Volume 2, 1839–1974. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966.

“Stricter policy on entry of Indians here expected.” Manila Chronicle 14(74), (3 July 1958): 22.

Thapan, Anita Raina. “Tradition, Change and Identity: Sindhi Immigrants in Manila.” In The Philippines as Home: Settlers and Sojourners in the Country, edited by M. Asis, 101–134. Quezon City: Philippine Migration Research Network and Philippine Social Sciences Council, 2001.

Thapan, Anita Raina. Sindhi Diaspora in Manila, Hong Kong and Jakarta. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2002.

Tigno, Jorge. “A Preliminary Study of Foreign Nationals in the Philippines: Strangers in our Midst?” In The Philippines as Home: Settlers and Sojourners in the Country, edited by M. Asis, 1– 40. Quezon City: Philippine Migration Research Network and Philippine Social Sciences Council, 2001.

“To re-assess P.I. policy on Indian entry here.” Philippines Herald 38(329), (3 July 1958): 1–2.

Walsh, Judith. A Brief History of India. New York: Checkmark Books, 2007.

Published

2012-09-20

Issue

Section

Transnational Allegiances and Local Culture in Asia

How to Cite

de Leon Espena, D. M. (2012). Globalization, Modernity and Migration: The Changing Visage of Social Imagination. Comparative Islamic Studies, 7(1-2), 183-208. https://doi.org/10.1558/cis.v7i1-2.183