Engaging with the Muslim Community in Cardiff
A Study of the Impact of Counter-Terrorism Research
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.v10i1.22203Keywords:
anti-Muslim hate, counter-terrorism, engagement, Muslim communities, research methodsAbstract
Since the 9/11 attacks in 2001, there have been a number of terrorist suspects arrested in the UK, but ¾ of those people are released without charge (Choudhury & Fenwick 2011). This has led to claims from within these communities that counter-terrorism legislation is both heavy handed and counter-productive. This article presents findings from a pilot research project that examined how best to engage with Muslim communities and to examine perceptions from these communities with regards to counter-terrorism legislation. There were two aims for the pilot study. The first was to provide members of the Muslim community in Cardiff with information about the nature of the study, its objectives and the individuals who would be undertaking the research. The second, following from the first, was to assess the feasibility of different methods of undertaking the research with representatives of Cardiff’s Muslim communities. This in turn would help address issues such as how to gain access to participants; how to obtain informed consent for participation in the research; identifying appropriate methods of data collection; appropriate venues for the fieldwork; identifying ethical concerns arising from the research; and identifying any risks to participants and researchers arising from the research, as well as the strategies needed to overcome these risks. This was a qualitative case study which utilized grounded theory principles to generate a theoretical model and involved interviews with 6 people and a focus group consisting of 3 people. In short, this study offers a blue print for further research into the impact of counter terrorism legislation on Muslim communities in Cardiff and makes a unique contribution to the literature on Muslims in Britain as well as counter terrorism studies as Cardiff’s Muslim communities remain under-researched.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Arnstein, S. R. 1969 A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4): 216-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944366908977225
Avruch, K. 2001 Notes toward Ethnographies of Conflict and Violence. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 30(5): 637-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124101129024295
Awan, I. 2012a The Impact of Policing British Muslims: A Qualitative Exploration. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 7(1): 22-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2012.653193
----- 2012b “I’m a Muslim not an Extremist”: How the Prevent Strategy has Constructed a “Suspect” Community. Politics & Policy, 40(6): 1158-1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00397.x
Awan, I., and B. Blakemore 2013 Extremism, Counter-Terrorism and Policing. Ashgate, Farnham.
Awan, I., B. Blakemore and K. Simpson 2013 Muslim Communities Attitudes towards and Recruitment into the British Police Service. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 41(4): 421-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2013.08.004
Bolognani, M. 2007 Islam, Ethnography and Politics: Methodological Issues in Researching amongst West Yorkshire Pakistanis in 2005. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 10(4): 279-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645570701546570
Bowling, B. 1999 Violent Racism: Victimisation, Policing and Social Context. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Bowling, B., and C. Philips 2002 Racism, Crime and Justice. Pearson Education, Harlow.
Breen Smyth, M. 2007 A Critical Research Agenda for the Study of Political Terror. European Political Science, 6(3): 260-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210138
----- 2009 Subjectivities, “Suspect Communities,” Governments, and the Ethics of Research on “Terrorism.” In Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, edited by R. Jackson et al., 13-33. Routledge, Oxon.
Bryman, A. 2008 Social Research Methods. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Choudhury, T., and H. Fenwick 2011 The Impact of Counter-Terrorism Measures on Muslim Communities. Equality and Human Rights Commission, Manchester.
Cohen, S. 1972 Folk Devils and Moral Panics. MacGibbon and Kee, London.
Cohen, S., and L. Taylor 1977 Talking about Prison Blues. In Doing Sociological Research, edited by C. Bell and H. Newby, 67-86. Allen & Unwin, London.
Correia, S. 2013 Cardiff’s Muslim Communities. Paper presented at the Society of Terrorism Conference, London, 27 and 28 June.
Feldman, M., M. Littler, J. Dack and N. Copsey 2013 Anti-Muslim Hate Crime and the Far Right. Teeside University. Online: http://tellmamauk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/antimuslim2.pdf (accessed November 22, 2015).
Ferrell, J., K. J. Hayward and J. Young 2008 Cultural Criminology: An Invitation. Sage, London.
Gearty, C. 2005 11 September 2001, Counter-terrorism, and the Human Rights Act. Journal of Law & Society, 32(1): 18-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2005.312_1.x
George, A. 1991 The Discipline of Terrorology. In Western State Terrorism, edited by A. George. Polity Press, Cambridge.
Gilliat-Ray, S. 2005 Closed Worlds: (Not) Accessing Deobandi dar ul-uloom in Britain. Fieldwork in Religion, 1(1): 7-33.
Gilliat-Ray, S., and J. Mellor 2010 Bil?d al Welsh (Land of the Welsh): Muslims in Cardiff, South Wales: Past, Present and Future. The Muslim World, 100(4): 452-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2010.01331.x
Glaser, B. 1978 Theoretical Sensitivity: Advances in the Methodology of Grounded Theory. The Sociology Press, San Francisco.
Glaser, B. G., and A. L. Strauss 1967 The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Aldine, Chicago.
Gunning, J. 2007 A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies? Government and Opposition, 42(3): 363-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00228.x
Herman, E., and G. O’Sullivan 1990 The Terrorism Industry: The Experts and Institutions that Shape our View of Terror. Pantheon, New York.
Hillyard, P. 1993 Suspect Community: People’s Experiences of the Prevention of Terrorism Acts in Britain. Pluto Press, London.
Holdaway, S. 1983 Inside the British Police: A Force at Work. Blackwell, Oxford.
Home Office 2013 Review of the Operation of Schedule 7: A Public Consultation. Online: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212548/WEB__2013_07_15_Review_of_the_operation_of_Schedule_7_A_Public_Consulta___.pdf (accessed November 22, 2015).
Huntington, S. 1993 The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs, 72(3): 22-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20045621
Innes, M., C. Roberts, H. Innes, T. Lowe and S. Lakhani 2011 Assessing the Effects of Prevent Policing: A Report to the Association of Chief Police Officers. Online: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/23060 (accessed November 22, 2015).
Jackson, R. 2007 Constructing Enemies: “Islamic Terrorism” in Political and Academic Discourse. Government and Opposition, 42(3): 394-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00229.x
Khan, K. 2009 Preventing Violent Extremism (PVE) & PREVENT: A Response from the Muslim Community. An-Nisa Society. Online: http://www.an-nisa.org/downloads/PVE_&_Prevent_-__A_Muslim_response.pdf.
Kundnani, A. 2009 Spooked: How Not to Prevent Violent Extremism. Institute of Race Relations. Online: http://www.irr.org.uk/pdf2/spooked.pdf (accessed November 22, 2015).
Lambert, R. 2008 Salafi and Islamist Londoners: Stigmatised Minority Faith Communities Countering Al-Qaida. Crime, Law and Social Change, Special Issue, 50: 73-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-008-9122-8
LaRossa, R. 2005 Grounded Theory Methods and Qualitative Family Research. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(4): 837-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00179.x
Lee, R. 1993 Doing Research on Sensitive Topics. Sage, London.
Liberty 2012 Liberty’s Response to the Home Office’s Review of the Operation of Schedule 7.
December. Online: http://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/pdfs/policy12/liberty-s-response-to-the-consultation-on-the-operation-of-schedule-7-dec-20.pdf (accessed November 22, 2015).
Littler, M., and M. Feldman 2015 Tell MAMA Reporting 2014/2015: Annual Monitoring, Cumulative Extremism, and Policy Implications. Teesside University Press, Teesside.
Mahmood, C. K. 2001 Terrorism, Myth and the Power of Ethnographic Praxis. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 30(5): 520-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124101129024259
Mahmood, M. 2004 Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War and the Roots of Terror. Three Leaves Press, New York.
Minkler, M. 2004 Ethical Challenges for the “Outside” Researcher in Community-Based Participatory Research. Health Education & Behavior, 31(6): 684-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198104269566
Mogra, I. 2012 Word of Mouth. BBC Radio 4. 14 August.
Pantazis, C., and S. Pemberton 2009 From the “Old” to the “New” Suspect Community: Examining the Impacts of Recent UK Counter-terrorist Legislation. British Journal of Criminology, 49(5): 646-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azp031
Ranstorp, M. 2009 Mapping Terrorism Studies after 9/11: An Academic Field of Old Problems and New Prospects. In Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, edited by R. Jackson et al., 13-33. Routledge, Oxon.
Ryan, L., E. Kofman and L. Banfi 2009 Muslim Youth in Barnet: Exploring Identity, Citizenship and Belonging Locally and in the Wider Context. Social Policy Research Centre, London. Online: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/5093/1/Ryan_Muslim_Youth_in_Barnet_executive_summary.pdf (accessed November 22, 2015).
Said, E. W. 1978 Orientalism. Penguin Books, London.
Scott, J., and G. Marshall 2008 Symbolic Interactionism. In The Oxford Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Online: http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t88.e2306 (accessed November 13, 2014).
Silke, A. 2004a The Road Less Travelled: Trends in Terrorism Research. In Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures, edited by A. Silke, 186-213. Frank Cass, London. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203500972.ch10
----- 2004b An Introduction to Research on Terrorism. In Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures, edited by A. Silke, 1-29. Frank Cass, London. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203500972.ch1
Sluka, J. A. 2009 The Contribution of Anthropology to Critical Terrorism Studies. In Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, edited by R. Jackson et al., 138-55. Routledge, Oxon.
Spalek, B. 2010 Community Policing, Trust and Muslim Communities in Relation to New Terrorism. Politics & Policy, 38(4): 789-815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00258.x
Strauss, A., and J. Corbin 1998 Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. 2nd ed. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Taussig, M. 1987 Shamanism, Colonialism and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226790114.001.0001
Thornton, S. 2010 Project Champion Review. Online: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2010/oct/uk-project-champion-police-report.pdf (accessed November 27, 2015).
Walker, C. 2006 Clamping Down on Terrorism in the United Kingdom. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 4(5): 1137-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mql056
Weber, M. 1904 ‘Objectivity’ in Social Science and Social Policy. In Weber, The Methodology of the Social Sciences [1949], 50–112. The Free Press, New York.
Wiktorowicz, Q. 2004 Islamic Activism and Social Movement Theory. In Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, edited by Q. Wiktorowicz, 1-33. Indiana University Press, Indiana.
Wolf, K. 1998 New New Orientalism. In Islamic Fundamentalism: Myths and Realities, edited by A. S. Moussalli, 43-46. Ithaca Press, Ithaca, NY.
Yaqoob, S. 2008 Government’s PVE Agenda is Failing to Tackle Extremism. The Muslim News. Online: http://www.insted.co.uk/citizenship-education.pdf.
Avruch, K. 2001 Notes toward Ethnographies of Conflict and Violence. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 30(5): 637-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124101129024295
Awan, I. 2012a The Impact of Policing British Muslims: A Qualitative Exploration. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 7(1): 22-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2012.653193
----- 2012b “I’m a Muslim not an Extremist”: How the Prevent Strategy has Constructed a “Suspect” Community. Politics & Policy, 40(6): 1158-1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00397.x
Awan, I., and B. Blakemore 2013 Extremism, Counter-Terrorism and Policing. Ashgate, Farnham.
Awan, I., B. Blakemore and K. Simpson 2013 Muslim Communities Attitudes towards and Recruitment into the British Police Service. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 41(4): 421-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2013.08.004
Bolognani, M. 2007 Islam, Ethnography and Politics: Methodological Issues in Researching amongst West Yorkshire Pakistanis in 2005. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 10(4): 279-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645570701546570
Bowling, B. 1999 Violent Racism: Victimisation, Policing and Social Context. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Bowling, B., and C. Philips 2002 Racism, Crime and Justice. Pearson Education, Harlow.
Breen Smyth, M. 2007 A Critical Research Agenda for the Study of Political Terror. European Political Science, 6(3): 260-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210138
----- 2009 Subjectivities, “Suspect Communities,” Governments, and the Ethics of Research on “Terrorism.” In Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, edited by R. Jackson et al., 13-33. Routledge, Oxon.
Bryman, A. 2008 Social Research Methods. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Choudhury, T., and H. Fenwick 2011 The Impact of Counter-Terrorism Measures on Muslim Communities. Equality and Human Rights Commission, Manchester.
Cohen, S. 1972 Folk Devils and Moral Panics. MacGibbon and Kee, London.
Cohen, S., and L. Taylor 1977 Talking about Prison Blues. In Doing Sociological Research, edited by C. Bell and H. Newby, 67-86. Allen & Unwin, London.
Correia, S. 2013 Cardiff’s Muslim Communities. Paper presented at the Society of Terrorism Conference, London, 27 and 28 June.
Feldman, M., M. Littler, J. Dack and N. Copsey 2013 Anti-Muslim Hate Crime and the Far Right. Teeside University. Online: http://tellmamauk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/antimuslim2.pdf (accessed November 22, 2015).
Ferrell, J., K. J. Hayward and J. Young 2008 Cultural Criminology: An Invitation. Sage, London.
Gearty, C. 2005 11 September 2001, Counter-terrorism, and the Human Rights Act. Journal of Law & Society, 32(1): 18-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2005.312_1.x
George, A. 1991 The Discipline of Terrorology. In Western State Terrorism, edited by A. George. Polity Press, Cambridge.
Gilliat-Ray, S. 2005 Closed Worlds: (Not) Accessing Deobandi dar ul-uloom in Britain. Fieldwork in Religion, 1(1): 7-33.
Gilliat-Ray, S., and J. Mellor 2010 Bil?d al Welsh (Land of the Welsh): Muslims in Cardiff, South Wales: Past, Present and Future. The Muslim World, 100(4): 452-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2010.01331.x
Glaser, B. 1978 Theoretical Sensitivity: Advances in the Methodology of Grounded Theory. The Sociology Press, San Francisco.
Glaser, B. G., and A. L. Strauss 1967 The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Aldine, Chicago.
Gunning, J. 2007 A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies? Government and Opposition, 42(3): 363-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00228.x
Herman, E., and G. O’Sullivan 1990 The Terrorism Industry: The Experts and Institutions that Shape our View of Terror. Pantheon, New York.
Hillyard, P. 1993 Suspect Community: People’s Experiences of the Prevention of Terrorism Acts in Britain. Pluto Press, London.
Holdaway, S. 1983 Inside the British Police: A Force at Work. Blackwell, Oxford.
Home Office 2013 Review of the Operation of Schedule 7: A Public Consultation. Online: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212548/WEB__2013_07_15_Review_of_the_operation_of_Schedule_7_A_Public_Consulta___.pdf (accessed November 22, 2015).
Huntington, S. 1993 The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs, 72(3): 22-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20045621
Innes, M., C. Roberts, H. Innes, T. Lowe and S. Lakhani 2011 Assessing the Effects of Prevent Policing: A Report to the Association of Chief Police Officers. Online: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/23060 (accessed November 22, 2015).
Jackson, R. 2007 Constructing Enemies: “Islamic Terrorism” in Political and Academic Discourse. Government and Opposition, 42(3): 394-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00229.x
Khan, K. 2009 Preventing Violent Extremism (PVE) & PREVENT: A Response from the Muslim Community. An-Nisa Society. Online: http://www.an-nisa.org/downloads/PVE_&_Prevent_-__A_Muslim_response.pdf.
Kundnani, A. 2009 Spooked: How Not to Prevent Violent Extremism. Institute of Race Relations. Online: http://www.irr.org.uk/pdf2/spooked.pdf (accessed November 22, 2015).
Lambert, R. 2008 Salafi and Islamist Londoners: Stigmatised Minority Faith Communities Countering Al-Qaida. Crime, Law and Social Change, Special Issue, 50: 73-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-008-9122-8
LaRossa, R. 2005 Grounded Theory Methods and Qualitative Family Research. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(4): 837-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00179.x
Lee, R. 1993 Doing Research on Sensitive Topics. Sage, London.
Liberty 2012 Liberty’s Response to the Home Office’s Review of the Operation of Schedule 7.
December. Online: http://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/pdfs/policy12/liberty-s-response-to-the-consultation-on-the-operation-of-schedule-7-dec-20.pdf (accessed November 22, 2015).
Littler, M., and M. Feldman 2015 Tell MAMA Reporting 2014/2015: Annual Monitoring, Cumulative Extremism, and Policy Implications. Teesside University Press, Teesside.
Mahmood, C. K. 2001 Terrorism, Myth and the Power of Ethnographic Praxis. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 30(5): 520-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124101129024259
Mahmood, M. 2004 Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War and the Roots of Terror. Three Leaves Press, New York.
Minkler, M. 2004 Ethical Challenges for the “Outside” Researcher in Community-Based Participatory Research. Health Education & Behavior, 31(6): 684-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198104269566
Mogra, I. 2012 Word of Mouth. BBC Radio 4. 14 August.
Pantazis, C., and S. Pemberton 2009 From the “Old” to the “New” Suspect Community: Examining the Impacts of Recent UK Counter-terrorist Legislation. British Journal of Criminology, 49(5): 646-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azp031
Ranstorp, M. 2009 Mapping Terrorism Studies after 9/11: An Academic Field of Old Problems and New Prospects. In Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, edited by R. Jackson et al., 13-33. Routledge, Oxon.
Ryan, L., E. Kofman and L. Banfi 2009 Muslim Youth in Barnet: Exploring Identity, Citizenship and Belonging Locally and in the Wider Context. Social Policy Research Centre, London. Online: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/5093/1/Ryan_Muslim_Youth_in_Barnet_executive_summary.pdf (accessed November 22, 2015).
Said, E. W. 1978 Orientalism. Penguin Books, London.
Scott, J., and G. Marshall 2008 Symbolic Interactionism. In The Oxford Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Online: http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t88.e2306 (accessed November 13, 2014).
Silke, A. 2004a The Road Less Travelled: Trends in Terrorism Research. In Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures, edited by A. Silke, 186-213. Frank Cass, London. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203500972.ch10
----- 2004b An Introduction to Research on Terrorism. In Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures, edited by A. Silke, 1-29. Frank Cass, London. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203500972.ch1
Sluka, J. A. 2009 The Contribution of Anthropology to Critical Terrorism Studies. In Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, edited by R. Jackson et al., 138-55. Routledge, Oxon.
Spalek, B. 2010 Community Policing, Trust and Muslim Communities in Relation to New Terrorism. Politics & Policy, 38(4): 789-815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00258.x
Strauss, A., and J. Corbin 1998 Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. 2nd ed. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Taussig, M. 1987 Shamanism, Colonialism and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226790114.001.0001
Thornton, S. 2010 Project Champion Review. Online: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2010/oct/uk-project-champion-police-report.pdf (accessed November 27, 2015).
Walker, C. 2006 Clamping Down on Terrorism in the United Kingdom. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 4(5): 1137-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mql056
Weber, M. 1904 ‘Objectivity’ in Social Science and Social Policy. In Weber, The Methodology of the Social Sciences [1949], 50–112. The Free Press, New York.
Wiktorowicz, Q. 2004 Islamic Activism and Social Movement Theory. In Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, edited by Q. Wiktorowicz, 1-33. Indiana University Press, Indiana.
Wolf, K. 1998 New New Orientalism. In Islamic Fundamentalism: Myths and Realities, edited by A. S. Moussalli, 43-46. Ithaca Press, Ithaca, NY.
Yaqoob, S. 2008 Government’s PVE Agenda is Failing to Tackle Extremism. The Muslim News. Online: http://www.insted.co.uk/citizenship-education.pdf.
Published
2016-01-15
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Awan, I., & Correia, S. (2016). Engaging with the Muslim Community in Cardiff: A Study of the Impact of Counter-Terrorism Research. Fieldwork in Religion, 10(1), 43-64. https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.v10i1.22203
