Hospital-based Spiritual Care for Mothers of Neonates at RMBH in Eldoret, Kenya

A Situational Analysis

Authors

  • Eunice Karanja Kamaara Moi University
  • Paul Nyongesa Moi University
  • Hazel O. Ayanga Moi University
  • Emily J. Choge-Kerama Moi University
  • Dinah Chelagat Moi University
  • Joseph K. Koech Moi University
  • Mohamed Mraja Moi University
  • Edith K. Chemorion Moi University
  • Joseph Mothaly Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital
  • Lucy Kiyiapi Moi University
  • Joseph Katwa Moi University
  • Jack Odunga Moi University
  • James Lemons Indiana University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/hscc.37265

Keywords:

Spirituality, maternity care, hospital-based, clinical pastoral care

Abstract

Although the World Health Organization defines health holistically (WHO 2016), and although a positive relationship exists between spirituality and health, maternity care globally focuses on physical and psychological care while excluding spiritual care. In Kenya, spiritual care in hospital settings has received little attention. Yet, cross-culturally, childbearing and motherhood are perceived to be highly spiritual events, but which may be traumatic especially if obstetric complications, postpartum depression, and death occur. Spiritual care is positively associated with patients’ ability to cope with negative experiences but also with a healthy birth process with optimal outcomes. Towards improving obstetric care by integrating professional clinical pastoral care in hospital settings in Kenya, we carried out a baseline study to explore the birthing physical, psychological and spiritual experiences of mothers of neonates admitted at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Riley Mother and Baby Hospital (RMBH) in Eldoret, Kenya. This article presents the results of the study.

Author Biographies

  • Eunice Karanja Kamaara, Moi University

    Eunice Kamaara is Professor of Religion. She holds a PhD in African Christian Ethics and a Master of Science degree in International Health Research Ethics. She currently serves as a member of the Ethics Review Board of Médecins Sans Frontières. She is interested in research on religion/spirtuality and health.

  • Paul Nyongesa, Moi University

    Dr. Paul Nyongesa is a Senior Lecturer and Tutor in the Dept. of Reproductive Health at Moi University, Eldoret Kenya and also a Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist with Clinical Duties in the Division of Reproductive Health, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya.

  • Hazel O. Ayanga, Moi University

    Hazel O. Ayanga is Associate Professor of Religion. She obtained her Bachelor’s and Master of Arts degrees from the University of Nairobi. Her PhD is from Moi University and her post-doctoral is from Yale University, New Haven, US. Her current research interests include religion, culture and social change; science and religion dialogue and Clinical Pastoral Education.

  • Emily J. Choge-Kerama, Moi University

    Emily J. Choge-Kerama (PhD) is Associate Professor. She teaches Old Testament studies and Christian Ethics. She also prepares pastors and leaders in the ministry through the work of Africa International University, is co-chair of the Uasin Gishu Children’s FORUM and founder member of African Christian Initiation Program (ACIP).

  • Dinah Chelagat, Moi University

    Dinah Chelagat is Senior Lecturer in Nursing and the current Dean of the School of Nursing at Moi University. She holds a PhD in Midwifery from University of the Free State, South Africa. Her research interest is in religion/ spirituality and beginning/end of life healthcare.

  • Joseph K. Koech, Moi University

    Joseph Koech is the current Chair of the Department of Philosophy, Religion and Theology at Moi University. He holds a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Religion from Moi University. His research interest is in New Testament Studies, Contemporary Theology, and also Religion and Science.

  • Mohamed Mraja, Moi University

    Mohammed Mraja is Senior Lecturer in Islamic Studies and the current Dean of the School of Social Studies and Education at Bomet University College of Moi University. He received his PhD from Albert Ludwigs University, in Freiburg, Germany.

  • Edith K. Chemorion, Moi University

    Edith K. Chemorion is a Lecturer of Religion, Science and Society, and a Clinical Pastoral Educator. She holds a Master of Theology degree in Clinical Pastoral Counselling from Stellenbosch University and is currently a PhD Candidate.

  • Joseph Mothaly, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital

    Joseph Mothaly holds a Bachelor of Theology degree from the Presbyterian University of Eastern Africa, Kikuyu, Kenya. He is a Clinical Pastoral Educator. He received his CPE training at Harris Methodist Health System, Fort Worth Texas.

  • Joseph Katwa, Moi University

    Joseph Katwa is the Chaplain in the School of Medicine. He holds a Master of Science in International Health Research Ethics and a Master of Theology in HIV Counselling. He is a PhD candidate in Medical Education.

  • Jack Odunga, Moi University

    Jack Odunga holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Science from the University of Nairobi and a Master of Science degree in Epidemiology and Biostatistics. He works in the Department of Reproductive Health.

  • James Lemons, Indiana University

    James Lemons is Emeritus Professor of Paediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine and a consultant neonatologist at Riley Children Hospital in Indianapolis. Previously he served as Director, Section of Neonatal- Perinatal Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Indiana University.

References

Adanikin, A., U. Onwudiegwu and A. Akintayo (2014) “Reshaping Maternal Services in Nigeria: Any Need for Spiritual Care?” BMC Pregnancy and Child Birth 14(196). https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2393-14-196 (accessed 24 January 2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-14-196

Ammerman, N. T. (2013) “Spiritual but Not Religious? Beyond Binary Choices in the Study of Religion”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 52(2): 258–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12024

Asquith, G. (1982) “Anton T. Boisen and the Study of ‘Living Human Documents’”. Journal of Presbyterian History (1962–1985) 60(3): 244–65. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23328440 (accessed 24 January 2018).

Austin, P., J. Macdonald and R. MacLeod (2018) “Measuring Spirituality and Religiosity in Clinical Settings: A Scoping Review of Available Instruments”. Religions 9(3): 70. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/9/3/70/pdf (accessed 5 March 2019).

Barletta, J., and K. Witteveen (2007) “Pastoral Care in Hospital: An Overview of Issues”. Australian Journal of Primary Health 13: 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1071/PY07013

Callister, L. C., and I. Khalf (2010) “Spirituality in Childbearing Women”, Journal of Prenatal Education 19(2): 16–24. https://doi.org/10.1624/105812410X495514

Carey, L. B., and J. Cohen (2009) “Religion, Spirituality and Health Care Treatment Decisions: The Role of Chaplains in the Australian Clinical Context”. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy 15(1): 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/08854720802698491

Carey, L. B., and B. Mathisen (eds) (2018) Spiritual Care for Allied Health Practice: A Person-centered Approach. London: Jessica Kingsley.

Carey, L. B., J. Swinton and D. H. Grossoehme (2018) “Chaplaincy and Spiritual Care”. In Spiritual Care for Allied Health Practice: A Person-centered Approach, ed. L. B. Carey, and B. Mathisen. London: Jessica Kingsley.

Crowther, S,, and J. Hall (2015) “Spirituality and Spiritual Care in and Around Childbirth”. Women and Birth 28(2): 173–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.01.001

Engel, G. L. (1977) “The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine”. Science 196(4286): 129–36. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.847460

Gross, J. M., M. F. Rogers, I. Teplinskiy, E. Oywer, D. Wambua, A. Kamenju, J. Arudo, P. L. Riley, M. Higgins, C. Rakuom, R. Kiriinya and A. Waudo (2011) “The Impact of Out-migration on the Nursing Workforce in Kenya”. Health Services Research 46(4): 1300–1318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2011.01251.x

Gyimah, S. O., B. K. Takyi and I. Addai (2006) “Challenges to the Reproductive-health needs of African Women: On Religion & Maternal Health Utilization in Ghana”. Social Science & Medicine 62(12): 2930–2944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.034

Hirst, C. (2005) Rebirthing: Report of the review of Maternity Services in Queensland. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Health, Queensland.

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, and ICF MACRO, (2014) Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. Calverton, MD: KNBS and ICF Macro.

Kilonzo, S., E. Kamaara and K. Magak (2017) “Improving Access to Maternal Health Care through Devolution in Western Kenya”. IDS Bulletin 48(2): 91-108. https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2017.118

Koenig, H. G. (2008a) Medicine, Religion and Health: Where Science and Spirituality Meet. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Foundation Press.

—(2008b). “Concerns about Measuring ‘Spirituality’ in Research”. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (196)5: 349–55. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31816ff796

—(2008c) Is Religion Good for Your Health? The Effects of Religion on Physical and Mental Health. London and New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.

—(2012) “Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications”. ISRN Psychiatry 33(2012): 12–23. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730

Koenig, H. G., M. E. McCullough and D. B. Larson (2001) Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118667.001.0001

Kwarteng, G. (n.d.) Religious beliefs, Spirituality and Health: Implications for Maternal and Child Mortality in Ghana. Department of Women and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Norway. https://www.academia.edu/9404765/Religious_beliefs_Spirituality_and_Health_Implications_for_Maternal_and_Child_mortality_in_Ghana (accessed 29 June 2019).

Levin, J. S., and H. Y. Vanderpool (1989) “Is Religion Therapeutically Significant for Hypertension?” Social Science & Medicine 29(1): 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(89)90129-9

Mbiti, J. S. (1969) African Religions and Philosophy. Nairobi and London: Heinemann.

Miller, A., and D. Rubin (2011) Faith Communities and Health Care Communication. Ontario: Hampton Press.

Moberg, D. O. (2002) “Assessing and Measuring Spirituality: Confronting Dilemmas of Universal and Particular Evaluative Criteria”. Journal of Adult Development 9(1): 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013877201375

Moloney, S. (2007) “Dancing with the Wind: A Methodological Approach to Researching Women’s Spirituality around Menstruation and Birth”. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 6(1): Article 7. https://sites.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/6_1/moloney.htm (accessed 25 January 2018).

Muketha, D. K. (2016) “Ameru Women’s Spirituality: Negotiation of Spiritual Practices Among Methodist and Pentecostal Church Christian Women in Igembe Constituency”. DPhil dissertation, MF Norwegian School of Theology.

Nuzum, D., S. Meaney, K. O’Donoghue and H. Morris (2015) “The Spiritual and Theological Issues Raised by Stillbirth for Healthcare Chaplains”. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling 69(3): 163–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1542305015602714

—(2016) “The Provision of Spiritual and Pastoral Care following Stillbirth in Ireland: A Mixed Methods Study”. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care 6(2): 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2013-000533

—(2017) “The Spiritual and Theological Challenges of Stillbirth for Bereaved Parents”. Journal of Religion and Health 56(3): 1081–1095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0365-5

Powell L. H., L. Shahabi and C. E. Thoresen (2003) “Religion and Spirituality: Linkages to Physical Health”. American Psychology 58(1): 36–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.36

Puchalski, C. M. (2001) “The Role of Spirituality in Health Care”. Proceedings Baylor University. Medical Center 14(4): 352–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2001.11927788

Puchalski, C. M., R. Vitillo, S. K. Hull and N. Reller (2014) “Improving the Spiritual Dimension of Whole Person Care: Reaching National and International Consensus”. Journal of Palliative Medicine 17(6): 642–56. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2014.9427

Reeve, C. L, and D. Basalik (2011) “A State Level Investigation of the Associations among Intellectual Capital, Religiosity and Reproductive Health”. Intelligence 39(1): 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2010.09.007

Rogers, M., and J. Wattis (2015) “Spirituality in Nursing Practice”. Nursing Standard 29(39): 51–57. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.29.39.51.e9726

Sarno J. E. (1998) The Mind-Body Prescription: Healing the Body, Healing the Pain. New York: Warner Books.

Shorey, S., B. André and V. Lopez (2017) “The Experiences and Needs of Healthcare Professionals Facing Perinatal Death: A Scoping Review”. International Journal of Nursing Studies 68: 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.12.007

Solanke, B. L., O. Oladosu, A. Akinlo and S. Olanisebe (2015) “Religion as a Social Determinant of Maternal Health Care Service Utilisation in Nigeria”. African Population Studies (29)2: 1868–1882. https://doi.org/10.11564/29-2-761

Sulmasy D. P. (2002) “A Biopsychosocial-spiritual Model for the Care of Patients at the End of Life”. The Gerontologist 42(3): 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/42.suppl_3.24

The Nursing Workforce Report (2012) Prepared by the Kenya Ministry of Health (MOH), the Nursing Council of Kenya (NCK), the Kenya Health Workforce Project, Emory University, and US Centers for Disease Control (CDC). http://www.health.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Kenya%20Nursing%20Workforce%20Report.pdf (accessed 1 February 2019).

Timmins, F., and S. Caldeira (2017) “Understanding Spirituality and Spiritual Care in Nursing”. Nursing Standard 31(22): 50–57. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2017.e10311

United Nations Population fund (UNFPA) (2015) Girlhood, not MotherHood: Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy, http://www.unfpa.org/publications/girlhood-not-motherhood (accessed 31 January 2018).

VandeCreek, L., and L. Burton (2001) “Professional Chaplaincy: Its Role and Importance in Healthcare”. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling 55(1): 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234090105500109

VanderWeele, T. J., T. A. Balboni and H. K. Koh (2017) “Health and Spirituality”. The Journal of American Medical Association 318(6): 519–20. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.8136

Vaught, M. (2015) Training Nurses to Save Mothers and Babies in East Africa. Rotary Report. http://reliefweb.int/report/kenya/training-nurses-save-mothers-and-babies-east-africa (accessed 5 March 2019).

Wilson, D. R. (2014) “Holistic Ethics”. International Journal of Childbirth Education 29(4): 4.

World Health Organization (2008) The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Geneva: World Health Organization.

—(2016) Maternal mortality, Fact sheet Updated November 2016, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/ (accessed 4 December 2018).

WHO (2016) Constitution of WHO – Principles: Definition of Health? Geneva: World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/about/mission/en/

Zehtab, S., and M. Adib-Hajbaghery (2014) “The Importance of Spiritual Care in Nursing”. Nurse Midwifery Studies 3(3): e22261. http://dx.doi.org/10.17795/nmsjournal22261

Published

2020-02-06

How to Cite

Kamaara, E. K., Nyongesa, P., Ayanga, H. O., Choge-Kerama, E. J., Chelagat, D., Koech, J. K., Mraja, M., Chemorion, E. K., Mothaly, J., Kiyiapi, L., Katwa, J., Odunga, J., & Lemons, J. (2020). Hospital-based Spiritual Care for Mothers of Neonates at RMBH in Eldoret, Kenya: A Situational Analysis. Health and Social Care Chaplaincy, 7(2), 145-167. https://doi.org/10.1558/hscc.37265

Most read articles by the same author(s)