Perceptions of bilingual competence and preferred language direction in Auslan/English interpreters
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/japl.v2.i2.185Keywords:
Sign language, interpreting, bilingualism, bilingual competence, language direction, perceptionsAbstract
Given that the study of interpreting can be considered as an applied linguistic activity, this paper details a small-scale study which investigated 56 Australian Sign Language (Auslan)/ English interpreters’ perceptions of their bilingual status and compared these to their preferences for working into Auslan or English. The impetus for the study came from discussions with interpreter educators, researchers and practitioners in which it was asked ‘how bilingual’ an interpreter must be in order to interpret effectively. Interpreters are assumed to have a high level of proficiency in both their languages and traditionally interpret into their dominant language. An email survey that questioned interpreters’ perceptions about bilingualism in general, their own bilingualism and their preferred language direction was administered to accredited Auslan/ English interpreters in Australia. The results showed that for many of the interpreters, perceived bilingual status and preferred language direction when interpreting contravened established practice, preferring to interpret into their non-dominant language. The findings are discussed in relation to implications for the education and practice of signed and spoken language interpreters worldwide, and highlight the need for further study of the nexus between bilingualism and interpreting.
References
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AIIC (2006) Regulation governing admissions and language classification. Retrieved 12 July 2006 from http://www.aiic.net/ViewPage.cfm/article22.htm
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Angelelli, C. (2004) Revisiting the Interpreter’s Role: a study of conference, court, and medical interpreters in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Baetens Beardsmore, H. (1986) Bilingualism: basic principles. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Baker, C. and Cokely, D. (1980) American Sign Language: a teacher’s resource text on grammar and culture. Maryland, TJ: Publishers Inc.
Bidoli, C. J. K. (2004) Intercultural features of English-to-Italian sign language conference interpretation: a preliminary study for multimodal corpus analysis. Textus XVII: 127–42.
Bjorklund, S. (2005) Toward trilingual education in Vaasa/Vasa, Finland. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 171: 23–40.
Bloomfield, L. (1942) Outline Guide for the Practical Study of Foreign Languages. Baltimore.
Bontempo, K. and Napier, J. (in press) Mind the gap! A skills gap analysis of sign language interpreters. The Sign Language Translator & Interpreter 1(2).
Bowen, M. (1980) Bilingualism as a factor in the training of interpreters. In J. E. Alatis (ed.) Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1980: current issues in bilingual education 201–7. Washington, D. C: Georgetown University Press.
Brennan, M. (1992) The visual world of BSL: An introduction. In D. Brien (ed.) Dictionary of British Sign Language/ English 1–133. London: Faber and Faber.
Bridge, M. (1991) The Relevance of the NAATI Testing System for Sign Language Interpreters. National Conference of the Interpreter and Translator Educators Association of Australia, RMIT, Melbourne.
Cokely, D. (1992) Interpretation: a sociolinguistic model. Burtonsville, MD: Linstok Press.
Cokely, D. (2001) Interpreting culturally rich realities: research implications for successful interpretation. Journal of Interpretation 1–46.
Corfmat, P. (1990) Please Sign Here: insights into the world of the deaf. Worthing, UK: Churchman Publishing.
Coughlin, J. (1984) Functions of the Bilingual Switch Mechanism in Simultaneous Interpretation. Silver Tongues: Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the American Translators Association, Medford, NJ: Learned Information.
Coughlin, J. (1985) Interpreter’s training: learning to control the bilingual switch mechanism. Babel: International Journal of Translation 30: 20–26.
de Groot, A. and Christoffels, I. K. (2006) Language control in bilinguals: monolingual tasks and simultaneous interpreting Bilingualism: language and cognition 9: 189–201.
de Groot, A. and Kroll, J. (eds) (1997) Tutorials in Bilingualism: psycholinguistic perspectives. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum.
Dillinger, M. L. (1990) Comprehension during interpreting: What do interpreters know that bilinguals don’t? The Interpreter’s Newsletter 3: 41–58.
Donovan, C. (2004) European Masters Project Group: teaching simultaneous interpretation into a B language. Interpreting 6: 205–216.
Flynn, J. (1990) Where We Have Been and Where We Are Going. Interpreter Training and Accreditation: present provision and future needs. National Deafness Conference, Brisbane, Australia.
Gentile, A., Ozolins, U. and Vasilakakos, M. (1996) Liaison Interpreting: a handbook. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
Gile, D. (2005) Directionality in conference interpreting: a cognitive view. Communication and Cognition 38: 9–26.
Godijns, R. and Hinderdael, M. (2005) Directionality in interpreting. The ‘Retour’ or the ‘Native’? Communication and Cognition 38: 3–8.
Green, D. W. (2000) Control, activation, and resource: a framework and a model for the control of speech in bilinguals. In L. Wei (ed.) The Bilingualism Reader 407–19. London: Routledge.
Grosjean, F. (1982) Life With Two Languages: an introduction to bilingualism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Grosjean, F. (1992) Another view of bilingualism. In J. Harris (ed.) Cognitive processing in bilinguals. Amsterdam: New Holland.
Grosjean, F. (1997) The bilingual individual. Interpreting 2: 163–88.
Hamers, J. F. and Blanc, M. H. A. (2000) Bilinguality and Bilingualism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Harrington, F. J. (2005) A study of the complex nature of interpreting with deaf students in higher education. In M. Metzger and E. Fleetwood (eds) Attitudes, Innuendo and Regulators: challenges in interpretation 162–87. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Hoffman, C. (1991) An Introduction to Bilingualism. London: Longman.
Jacobs, R. (1996) Just how hard is it to learn ASL: the case for ASL as a truly foreign language. In C. Lucas (ed.) Multicultural Aspects of Sociolinguistics in Deaf Communities 183–226. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Jeggli, F. (2003) French/ French as a second language interpretation at the university. Langue Francaise 137: 114–25.
Kornakov, P. (2000) Five principles and five skills for training interpreters. Meta 45: 241–48.
Ladd, P. (2003) Understanding Deaf Culture: in search of deafhood. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.
Lane, H., Hoffmeister, R. and Bahan, B. (1996) A journey into the DEAF-WORLD. USA: DawnSign Press.
Leeson, L. and S. Foley-Cave (2004) Interpreting Semantics and Pragmatics at Postgraduate Level: challenges to interpreter notions of impartiality. Paper presented to the second ‘Supporting Deaf People’ conference [online]. Available at www.directlearn.co.uk.
Llewellyn Jones, P. (1981) Target language styles and source language processing in conference sign language interpreting. 3rd International Symposium on Sign Language Interpreting, Bristol.
Locker, R. (1990) Lexical equivalence in transliterating for deaf students in the university classroom: Two perspectives. Issues in Applied Linguistics 1: 167–95.
Madden, M. (1992) Australian Sign Language: teaching and learning issues. National CITEAA conference, Perth.
Malakoff, M. and Hakuta, K. (1991) Translation skill and metalinguistic awareness in bilinguals. In E. Bialystok (ed.) Language Processing in Bilingual Children 141–65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McDade, R. (1995) What Can Interpreters Learn From Professional Footballers? Issues in Interpreting 2, University of Durham.
Mesa, A.-M. (1997) L’interprète culturel: un professionnel apprécié. Montreal, Régie Régionale de la santé et des services sociaux.
Metzger, M. (1999) Sign Language Interpreting: Deconstructing the myth of neutrality. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Mikkelson, H. (1999) The professionalisation of community interpreting. Journal of interpretation: 119–33.
Monikowski, C. and Winston, E. A. (2003) Interpreters and interpreter education. In M. Marschark and P. A. Spencer (eds) Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education 347–60. New York: Oxford University Press.
Munro, M. and Mann, V. (2005) Age of immersion as predictor of foreign accent. Applied Psycholinguistics 26: 311–41.
Myers-Scotton, C. (2006) Multiple Voices: an introduction to bilingualism. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
NAATI (2006) Levels of accreditation. Retrieved 14 July 2006 from http://www.naati.com. au/accreditation.htm#levels
Nadasdi, T., Mougeon, R. and Rehner, K. (2005) Learning to speak everyday (Canadian) French. The Canadian Modern Language Review/La Revue Canadienne des Langues Vivantes 61: 543–63.
Napier, J. (2001) Linguistic coping strategies of sign language interpreters. Linguistics. Sydney, Macquarie University.
Napier, J. (2002a) University interpreting: linguistic issues for consideration. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 7: 281–301.
Napier, J. (2002b) Sign Language Interpreting: linguistic coping strategies. Coleford, UK: Douglas McLean.
Napier, J. (2004) Sign language interpreter training, testing and accreditation: an international comparison. American Annals of the Deaf 149: 350–59.
Napier, J. (2005a) Training sign language interpreters in Australia: an innovative approach. Babel 51: 1–17.
Napier, J. (2005b) Linguistic features and strategies of interpreting: From research to education to practice. In M. Marschark, R. Peterson and E. Winston (eds) Sign Language Interpreting and Interpreter Education: directions for research and practice 84–111. New York: Oxford University Press.
Napier, J. and Barker, R. (2003) A demographic survey of Australian Sign Language interpreters. Australian Journal of Education of the Deaf 9: 19–32.
Napier, J., Bontempo, K. and Leneham, M. (2006) Sign language interpreting in Australia: an overview. VIEWS. April 2006: Cover story.
Orima (2004) Supply and demand for Auslan interpreters across Australia. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government Department of Family and Community Services.
Ozolins, U. and Bridge, M. (1999) Sign Language Interpreting in Australia. Melbourne: Language Australia.
Padden, C. (1980) The Deaf community and the culture of Deaf people. In G. H. S. Gregory (ed.) Constructing Deafness 40–5. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Padden, C. and Humphries, T. (2005) Inside Deaf Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Phillip, M. J. (1994) Professionalism: from which cultural perspective? Issues in interpreting, University of Durham.
Pöchhacker, F. (2004) Introducing Interpreting Studies. London: Routledge. Pöchhacker, F. and Shlesinger, M. (eds) (2002) The Interpreting Studies Reader. London, Routledge.
Pollitt, K. (1997) The state we’re in: some thoughts on professionalisation, professionalism and practice among the UK’s sign language interpreters. Deaf Worlds 13: 21–6.
Quinto-Pozos, D. (2005) Factors that influence the acquisition of ASL for interpreting students. In M. Marschark, R. Peterson and E. A. Winston (eds) Interpreting and Interpreting Education: directions for research and practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
Romaine, S. (1995) Bilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell.
Roy, C. (1986) Who is a native speaker of ASL? Journal of Interpretation 3: 63–66.
Roy, C. (2000) Interpreting as a discourse process. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Russell, D. (2005) Consecutive and simultaneous interpreting. In T. Janzen (ed.) Topics in Signed Language Interpreting 135–64. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Scott Gibson, L. (1994) Open to Interpretation: the cult of professionalism. Issues in Interpreting, University of Durham.
Seleskovitch, D. (1978) Interpreting for International Conferences. Washington, DC: Pen and Booth.
Shaw, S., Grbic, N. and Franklin, K. (2004) Applying language skills to interpretation: student perspectives from signed and spoken languages. Interpreting 6: 69–100.
Sia, J. and Dewaele, J. (2006) Are you bilingual? BISAL 1: 1–19.
Slatyer, H. (2006) Fit for purpose? Interviews as a tool for screening course candidates. Linguistics and Psychology Postgraduate Festival. Macquarie University, Sydney.
Sutcliffe, T. H. (1975) Interpreting at Higher Levels of Thought. Hands across the sea: proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Interpreting, RID Publications.
Valdes, G. and Angelelli, C. (2003) Interpreters, interpreting, and the study of bilingualism. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 23: 58–78.
Wadensjö, C. (1998) Interpreting as Interaction. London: Longman.
Weller, G. (1988) Bilingualism and Interpretation: an under-exploited field of study for research. Language at Crossroads: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the American Translators Association. Medford, NJ: Learned Information.
Woodcock, K., Rohan, M. and Campbell, L. M. (2007) Equitable representation of deaf people in mainstream academia: why not? Higher Education 53: 359–79
Wray, A., Trott, K. and Bloomer, A. (1998) Projects in Linguistics. A Practical Guide to Researching Language. London: Hodder Headline Group.
AIIC (2006) Regulation governing admissions and language classification. Retrieved 12 July 2006 from http://www.aiic.net/ViewPage.cfm/article22.htm
Alexieva, B. (2002) Typology of interpreter-mediated events. In F. Pochhacker and M. Shlesinger (eds) The Interpreting Studies Reader. London: Routledge.
Anderson, R. B. W. (2002) Perspectives on the role of the interpreter. In F. Pöchhacker and M. Shlesinger (eds) The Interpreting Studies Reader. London: Routledge.
Angelelli, C. (2004) Revisiting the Interpreter’s Role: a study of conference, court, and medical interpreters in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Baetens Beardsmore, H. (1986) Bilingualism: basic principles. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Baker, C. and Cokely, D. (1980) American Sign Language: a teacher’s resource text on grammar and culture. Maryland, TJ: Publishers Inc.
Bidoli, C. J. K. (2004) Intercultural features of English-to-Italian sign language conference interpretation: a preliminary study for multimodal corpus analysis. Textus XVII: 127–42.
Bjorklund, S. (2005) Toward trilingual education in Vaasa/Vasa, Finland. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 171: 23–40.
Bloomfield, L. (1942) Outline Guide for the Practical Study of Foreign Languages. Baltimore.
Bontempo, K. and Napier, J. (in press) Mind the gap! A skills gap analysis of sign language interpreters. The Sign Language Translator & Interpreter 1(2).
Bowen, M. (1980) Bilingualism as a factor in the training of interpreters. In J. E. Alatis (ed.) Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1980: current issues in bilingual education 201–7. Washington, D. C: Georgetown University Press.
Brennan, M. (1992) The visual world of BSL: An introduction. In D. Brien (ed.) Dictionary of British Sign Language/ English 1–133. London: Faber and Faber.
Bridge, M. (1991) The Relevance of the NAATI Testing System for Sign Language Interpreters. National Conference of the Interpreter and Translator Educators Association of Australia, RMIT, Melbourne.
Cokely, D. (1992) Interpretation: a sociolinguistic model. Burtonsville, MD: Linstok Press.
Cokely, D. (2001) Interpreting culturally rich realities: research implications for successful interpretation. Journal of Interpretation 1–46.
Corfmat, P. (1990) Please Sign Here: insights into the world of the deaf. Worthing, UK: Churchman Publishing.
Coughlin, J. (1984) Functions of the Bilingual Switch Mechanism in Simultaneous Interpretation. Silver Tongues: Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the American Translators Association, Medford, NJ: Learned Information.
Coughlin, J. (1985) Interpreter’s training: learning to control the bilingual switch mechanism. Babel: International Journal of Translation 30: 20–26.
de Groot, A. and Christoffels, I. K. (2006) Language control in bilinguals: monolingual tasks and simultaneous interpreting Bilingualism: language and cognition 9: 189–201.
de Groot, A. and Kroll, J. (eds) (1997) Tutorials in Bilingualism: psycholinguistic perspectives. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum.
Dillinger, M. L. (1990) Comprehension during interpreting: What do interpreters know that bilinguals don’t? The Interpreter’s Newsletter 3: 41–58.
Donovan, C. (2004) European Masters Project Group: teaching simultaneous interpretation into a B language. Interpreting 6: 205–216.
Flynn, J. (1990) Where We Have Been and Where We Are Going. Interpreter Training and Accreditation: present provision and future needs. National Deafness Conference, Brisbane, Australia.
Gentile, A., Ozolins, U. and Vasilakakos, M. (1996) Liaison Interpreting: a handbook. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
Gile, D. (2005) Directionality in conference interpreting: a cognitive view. Communication and Cognition 38: 9–26.
Godijns, R. and Hinderdael, M. (2005) Directionality in interpreting. The ‘Retour’ or the ‘Native’? Communication and Cognition 38: 3–8.
Green, D. W. (2000) Control, activation, and resource: a framework and a model for the control of speech in bilinguals. In L. Wei (ed.) The Bilingualism Reader 407–19. London: Routledge.
Grosjean, F. (1982) Life With Two Languages: an introduction to bilingualism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Grosjean, F. (1992) Another view of bilingualism. In J. Harris (ed.) Cognitive processing in bilinguals. Amsterdam: New Holland.
Grosjean, F. (1997) The bilingual individual. Interpreting 2: 163–88.
Hamers, J. F. and Blanc, M. H. A. (2000) Bilinguality and Bilingualism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Harrington, F. J. (2005) A study of the complex nature of interpreting with deaf students in higher education. In M. Metzger and E. Fleetwood (eds) Attitudes, Innuendo and Regulators: challenges in interpretation 162–87. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Hoffman, C. (1991) An Introduction to Bilingualism. London: Longman.
Jacobs, R. (1996) Just how hard is it to learn ASL: the case for ASL as a truly foreign language. In C. Lucas (ed.) Multicultural Aspects of Sociolinguistics in Deaf Communities 183–226. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Jeggli, F. (2003) French/ French as a second language interpretation at the university. Langue Francaise 137: 114–25.
Kornakov, P. (2000) Five principles and five skills for training interpreters. Meta 45: 241–48.
Ladd, P. (2003) Understanding Deaf Culture: in search of deafhood. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.
Lane, H., Hoffmeister, R. and Bahan, B. (1996) A journey into the DEAF-WORLD. USA: DawnSign Press.
Leeson, L. and S. Foley-Cave (2004) Interpreting Semantics and Pragmatics at Postgraduate Level: challenges to interpreter notions of impartiality. Paper presented to the second ‘Supporting Deaf People’ conference [online]. Available at www.directlearn.co.uk.
Llewellyn Jones, P. (1981) Target language styles and source language processing in conference sign language interpreting. 3rd International Symposium on Sign Language Interpreting, Bristol.
Locker, R. (1990) Lexical equivalence in transliterating for deaf students in the university classroom: Two perspectives. Issues in Applied Linguistics 1: 167–95.
Madden, M. (1992) Australian Sign Language: teaching and learning issues. National CITEAA conference, Perth.
Malakoff, M. and Hakuta, K. (1991) Translation skill and metalinguistic awareness in bilinguals. In E. Bialystok (ed.) Language Processing in Bilingual Children 141–65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McDade, R. (1995) What Can Interpreters Learn From Professional Footballers? Issues in Interpreting 2, University of Durham.
Mesa, A.-M. (1997) L’interprète culturel: un professionnel apprécié. Montreal, Régie Régionale de la santé et des services sociaux.
Metzger, M. (1999) Sign Language Interpreting: Deconstructing the myth of neutrality. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Mikkelson, H. (1999) The professionalisation of community interpreting. Journal of interpretation: 119–33.
Monikowski, C. and Winston, E. A. (2003) Interpreters and interpreter education. In M. Marschark and P. A. Spencer (eds) Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education 347–60. New York: Oxford University Press.
Munro, M. and Mann, V. (2005) Age of immersion as predictor of foreign accent. Applied Psycholinguistics 26: 311–41.
Myers-Scotton, C. (2006) Multiple Voices: an introduction to bilingualism. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
NAATI (2006) Levels of accreditation. Retrieved 14 July 2006 from http://www.naati.com. au/accreditation.htm#levels
Nadasdi, T., Mougeon, R. and Rehner, K. (2005) Learning to speak everyday (Canadian) French. The Canadian Modern Language Review/La Revue Canadienne des Langues Vivantes 61: 543–63.
Napier, J. (2001) Linguistic coping strategies of sign language interpreters. Linguistics. Sydney, Macquarie University.
Napier, J. (2002a) University interpreting: linguistic issues for consideration. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 7: 281–301.
Napier, J. (2002b) Sign Language Interpreting: linguistic coping strategies. Coleford, UK: Douglas McLean.
Napier, J. (2004) Sign language interpreter training, testing and accreditation: an international comparison. American Annals of the Deaf 149: 350–59.
Napier, J. (2005a) Training sign language interpreters in Australia: an innovative approach. Babel 51: 1–17.
Napier, J. (2005b) Linguistic features and strategies of interpreting: From research to education to practice. In M. Marschark, R. Peterson and E. Winston (eds) Sign Language Interpreting and Interpreter Education: directions for research and practice 84–111. New York: Oxford University Press.
Napier, J. and Barker, R. (2003) A demographic survey of Australian Sign Language interpreters. Australian Journal of Education of the Deaf 9: 19–32.
Napier, J., Bontempo, K. and Leneham, M. (2006) Sign language interpreting in Australia: an overview. VIEWS. April 2006: Cover story.
Orima (2004) Supply and demand for Auslan interpreters across Australia. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government Department of Family and Community Services.
Ozolins, U. and Bridge, M. (1999) Sign Language Interpreting in Australia. Melbourne: Language Australia.
Padden, C. (1980) The Deaf community and the culture of Deaf people. In G. H. S. Gregory (ed.) Constructing Deafness 40–5. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Padden, C. and Humphries, T. (2005) Inside Deaf Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Phillip, M. J. (1994) Professionalism: from which cultural perspective? Issues in interpreting, University of Durham.
Pöchhacker, F. (2004) Introducing Interpreting Studies. London: Routledge. Pöchhacker, F. and Shlesinger, M. (eds) (2002) The Interpreting Studies Reader. London, Routledge.
Pollitt, K. (1997) The state we’re in: some thoughts on professionalisation, professionalism and practice among the UK’s sign language interpreters. Deaf Worlds 13: 21–6.
Quinto-Pozos, D. (2005) Factors that influence the acquisition of ASL for interpreting students. In M. Marschark, R. Peterson and E. A. Winston (eds) Interpreting and Interpreting Education: directions for research and practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
Romaine, S. (1995) Bilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell.
Roy, C. (1986) Who is a native speaker of ASL? Journal of Interpretation 3: 63–66.
Roy, C. (2000) Interpreting as a discourse process. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Russell, D. (2005) Consecutive and simultaneous interpreting. In T. Janzen (ed.) Topics in Signed Language Interpreting 135–64. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Scott Gibson, L. (1994) Open to Interpretation: the cult of professionalism. Issues in Interpreting, University of Durham.
Seleskovitch, D. (1978) Interpreting for International Conferences. Washington, DC: Pen and Booth.
Shaw, S., Grbic, N. and Franklin, K. (2004) Applying language skills to interpretation: student perspectives from signed and spoken languages. Interpreting 6: 69–100.
Sia, J. and Dewaele, J. (2006) Are you bilingual? BISAL 1: 1–19.
Slatyer, H. (2006) Fit for purpose? Interviews as a tool for screening course candidates. Linguistics and Psychology Postgraduate Festival. Macquarie University, Sydney.
Sutcliffe, T. H. (1975) Interpreting at Higher Levels of Thought. Hands across the sea: proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Interpreting, RID Publications.
Valdes, G. and Angelelli, C. (2003) Interpreters, interpreting, and the study of bilingualism. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 23: 58–78.
Wadensjö, C. (1998) Interpreting as Interaction. London: Longman.
Weller, G. (1988) Bilingualism and Interpretation: an under-exploited field of study for research. Language at Crossroads: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the American Translators Association. Medford, NJ: Learned Information.
Woodcock, K., Rohan, M. and Campbell, L. M. (2007) Equitable representation of deaf people in mainstream academia: why not? Higher Education 53: 359–79
Wray, A., Trott, K. and Bloomer, A. (1998) Projects in Linguistics. A Practical Guide to Researching Language. London: Hodder Headline Group.
Published
2008-01-02
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Articles
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Equinox Publishing Ltd.
How to Cite
Napier, J., Rohan, M., & Slatyer, H. (2008). Perceptions of bilingual competence and preferred language direction in Auslan/English interpreters. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Professional Practice, 2(2), 185-218. https://doi.org/10.1558/japl.v2.i2.185
