Co-construction of turns at talk
Active listening or disruptions in conversation with persons who stutter?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jircd.v5i2.141Keywords:
co-construction, conversation analysis, interruption, qualitative research, stuttering, turn takingAbstract
The present study applies conversation analysis in order to describe the form and function of co-constructed turns in conversations involving one or more persons who stutter. Co-constructed turns are turns at talk that are produced by more than one speaker in such a way that the turn is initiated by one speaker and completed by another. Examples in the data are classified according to an existing taxonomy distinguishing between slot fillers, extensions and completions. All these types are found in our data, albeit to different extents. External as well as internal reasons for this distributional variation are discussed. The main aim of the study is to illustrate the need for qualitative, context-sensitive approaches to research on verbal interaction in the field of fluency disorders and to focus on some clinical implications of such research findings.
References
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Beeke, S., Wilkinson, R. and Maxim, J. (2007) Individual variation in agrammatism: A single case study of the influence of interaction. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 42 (6): 629–647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682820601160087
Bloodstein, O. and Ratner, N. B. (2008) A Handbook of Stuttering (6th edn). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
Bockgård, G. (2004) Syntax som Social Resurs. En Studie av Samkonstruktionssekvensers Form och Funktion i Svenska Samtal. Uppsala universitet: Institutionen för nordiska språk.
Bothe, A. K. and Andreatta, R. D. (2004) Quantitative and qualitative research paradigms: Thoughts on the quantity and creativity of stuttering research. Advances in Speech-Language Pathology 6 (3): 167–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1441704112331283020
Cheek, J., Onslow, M. and Cream, A. (2004) Beyond the divide: Comparing and contrasting aspects of qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Advances in Speech-Language Pathology 6 (3): 147–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14417040412331282995
Clark, H. H. (1996) Using Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620539
Couper-Kuhlen, E. (1999) Coherent voicing: On prosody in conversational reported speech. In W. Bublitz, U. Lenk and E. Ventola (eds) Coherence in Spoken and Written Discourse, 11–33. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
van Dijk, T. A. (1997) Discourse as interaction in society. In T. A. van Dijk (ed.) Discourse as Social Interaction. Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction. Volume 2, 1–37. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Du Bois, J. W., Schuetze-Coburn, S., Cumming, S. and Paolino, D. (1993) Outline of discourse transcription. In J. A. Edwards and M. D. Lampert (eds) Talking Data. Transcription and Coding in Discourse Research, 45–87. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Eckert, P. and McConnell-Ginet, S. (2013) Language and Gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139245883
Ford, C. E., Fox, B. and Thompson, S. A. (2002) Introduction. In C. E. Ford, B. Fox and S. A. Thompson (eds) The Language of Turn and Sequence, 3–13. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Goffman, E. (1979) Footing. In E. Goffman (1981) Forms of Talk, 124–159. Oxford: Blackwell.
Goodwin, C. (1995) Co-constructing meaning in conversations with an aphasic man. Research on Language and Social Interaction 28 (3): 233–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi2803_4
Gumperz, J. J. (1982) Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611834
Hayhow, R. and Stewart, T. (2006) Introduction to qualitative research and its application to stuttering. International Journal of Communication Disorders 41 (5): 475–493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682820500343057
Huber, A., Packman, A., Quine, S., Onslow, M. and Simpson, J. (2004) Improving our clinical interventions for stuttering: Can evidence from qualitative research contribute? Advances in Speech-Language Pathology 6 (3): 174–181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14417040412331283039
Jefferson, G. (1989) Preliminary notes on a possible metric which provides for a ‘standard maximum’ silence of approximately one second in conversation. In D. Roger and P. Bull (eds) Conversation. An Interdisciplinary Perspective, 166–196. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Johnstone, B. (1996) The Linguistic Individual. Self-Expression in Language and Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kelly, E. M. (1994) Speech rates and turn-taking behaviours of children who stutter and their fathers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 37 (6): 1284–1294.
Kelly, E. M. and Conture, E. G. (1992) Speaking rates, response time latencies, and interrupting behaviors of young stutterers, nonstutterers, and their mothers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 35 (6): 1256–1267.
Klippi, A. (1996) Conversation as an Achievement in Aphasics. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
Labov, W. and Fanshel, D. (1977) Therapeutic Discourse: Psychotherapy as Conversation. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Lerner, G. H. (1996) On the ‘semi-permeable’ character of grammatical units in conversation: conditional entry into the turn space of another speaker. In E. Ochs, E. A. Schegloff and S. A. Thompson (eds) Interaction and Grammar, 238–276. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lerner, G. H. (2002) Turn-sharing. The choral co-production of talk-in-interaction. In C. E. Ford, B. Fox and S. A. Thompson (eds) The Language of Turn and Sequence, 225–256. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Levinson, S. C. (1979) Activity types and language. Linguistics 17 (5–6): 365–399.
Levinson, S. C. (1988) Putting linguistics on a proper footing. In P. Drew and A. Wootton (eds) Erving Goffman. Exploring the Interaction Order, 161–227. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Lind, M. (2005) Conversation – more than words. A Norwegian case study of the establishment of a contribution in aphasic interaction. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 15 (2): 213–239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2005.00088.x
Lind, M., Mørk, M. and Sønsterud, H. (2007) Blikk og samhandling i kommunikasjon med personer som stammer. Norsk tidsskrift for logopedi 53 (4): 12–17.
Linell, P. (1998) Approaching Dialogue. Talk, Interaction and Contexts in Dialogical Perspectives. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Company. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/impact.3
Linell, P. (2009) Rethinking Language, Mind, and World Dialogically. Interactional and Contextual Theories of Human Sense-Making. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Livingston, L. A., Flowers, Y. E., Hodor, B. A. and Ryan, B. P. (2000) The experimental analysis of interruption during conversation for three children who stutter. Journal of Development and Physical Disabilities 12 (4): 235–266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009465828258
Lock, S., Wilkinson, R. and Bryan, K. (2001) SPPARC (Supporting Partners of People with Aphasia in Relationships and Conversation): A Resource Pack. Bicester: Speechmark Press.
Manning, W. H. (2007) Clinical Decision Making in Fluency Disorders. (2nd edn). Vancouver: Singular Thomson Learning.
Meyers, S. C. and Freeman, F. J. (1985) Interruptions as a variable in stuttering and disfluency. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 28 (3): 428–435.
Norén, N. and Linell, P. (2013) Pivot constructions as everyday conversational phenomena within a cross-linguistic perspective: An introduction. Journal of Pragmatics 54: 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.03.006
Peräkylä, A. (1997) Reliability and validity in research based on tapes and transcripts. In D. Silverman (ed.) Qualitative Research. Theory, Method and Practice, 201–220. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Rhys, C. S. (2005) Gaze and the turn: A nonverbal solution to an interactive problem. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 19 (5): 419–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699200400027171
Ryan, B. P. (2000) Speaking rate, conversational speech acts, interruption, and linguistic complexity of 20 pre-school stuttering and non-stuttering children and their mothers. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 14 (1): 25–51.
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A. and Jefferson G. (1974) A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language 50 (4): 696–753. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/412243
Schegloff, E. A. (2007) Sequence Organization in Interaction. A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791208
Shapiro D. A. (2011) Stuttering Intervention. A Collaborative Journey to Fluency Freedom. (2nd edn) Austin, TX: Pro-ed.
Spencer, E., Packman, A., Onslow, M. and Ferguson, A. (2009) The effect of stuttering on communication: A preliminary investigation. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 23 (7): 473–488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699200902833373
Sønsterud, H., Mørk, M. and Lind, M. (2007) Improvement of fluency and listening skills in teenagers with advanced stuttering. Proceedings of the 2007 IALP Congress. (http://proceedings.ialp.info/contents.htm)
Tetnowski, J. A. and Damico, J. S. (2001) A demonstration of the advantages of qualitative methodologies in stuttering research. Journal of Fluency Disorders 26 (1): 17–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(01)00094-8
Tetnowski, J. A. and Damico, J. S. (2004) Getting out of Procrustes’ bed: The needs and benefits of qualitative research in stuttering. Advances in Speech-Language Pathology 6 (3): 153–158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14417040412331283002
Auer, P. (2014) The limits of collaboration – Speakership in conversation with persons with aphasia. In M. J. Ball, N. Müller and R. L. Nelson (eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research in Communication Disorders, 187–206 New York: Psychology Press.
Beeke, S., Wilkinson, R. and Maxim, J. (2007) Individual variation in agrammatism: A single case study of the influence of interaction. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 42 (6): 629–647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682820601160087
Bloodstein, O. and Ratner, N. B. (2008) A Handbook of Stuttering (6th edn). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
Bockgård, G. (2004) Syntax som Social Resurs. En Studie av Samkonstruktionssekvensers Form och Funktion i Svenska Samtal. Uppsala universitet: Institutionen för nordiska språk.
Bothe, A. K. and Andreatta, R. D. (2004) Quantitative and qualitative research paradigms: Thoughts on the quantity and creativity of stuttering research. Advances in Speech-Language Pathology 6 (3): 167–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1441704112331283020
Cheek, J., Onslow, M. and Cream, A. (2004) Beyond the divide: Comparing and contrasting aspects of qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Advances in Speech-Language Pathology 6 (3): 147–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14417040412331282995
Clark, H. H. (1996) Using Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620539
Couper-Kuhlen, E. (1999) Coherent voicing: On prosody in conversational reported speech. In W. Bublitz, U. Lenk and E. Ventola (eds) Coherence in Spoken and Written Discourse, 11–33. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
van Dijk, T. A. (1997) Discourse as interaction in society. In T. A. van Dijk (ed.) Discourse as Social Interaction. Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction. Volume 2, 1–37. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Du Bois, J. W., Schuetze-Coburn, S., Cumming, S. and Paolino, D. (1993) Outline of discourse transcription. In J. A. Edwards and M. D. Lampert (eds) Talking Data. Transcription and Coding in Discourse Research, 45–87. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Eckert, P. and McConnell-Ginet, S. (2013) Language and Gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139245883
Ford, C. E., Fox, B. and Thompson, S. A. (2002) Introduction. In C. E. Ford, B. Fox and S. A. Thompson (eds) The Language of Turn and Sequence, 3–13. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Goffman, E. (1979) Footing. In E. Goffman (1981) Forms of Talk, 124–159. Oxford: Blackwell.
Goodwin, C. (1995) Co-constructing meaning in conversations with an aphasic man. Research on Language and Social Interaction 28 (3): 233–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi2803_4
Gumperz, J. J. (1982) Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611834
Hayhow, R. and Stewart, T. (2006) Introduction to qualitative research and its application to stuttering. International Journal of Communication Disorders 41 (5): 475–493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682820500343057
Huber, A., Packman, A., Quine, S., Onslow, M. and Simpson, J. (2004) Improving our clinical interventions for stuttering: Can evidence from qualitative research contribute? Advances in Speech-Language Pathology 6 (3): 174–181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14417040412331283039
Jefferson, G. (1989) Preliminary notes on a possible metric which provides for a ‘standard maximum’ silence of approximately one second in conversation. In D. Roger and P. Bull (eds) Conversation. An Interdisciplinary Perspective, 166–196. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Johnstone, B. (1996) The Linguistic Individual. Self-Expression in Language and Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kelly, E. M. (1994) Speech rates and turn-taking behaviours of children who stutter and their fathers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 37 (6): 1284–1294.
Kelly, E. M. and Conture, E. G. (1992) Speaking rates, response time latencies, and interrupting behaviors of young stutterers, nonstutterers, and their mothers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 35 (6): 1256–1267.
Klippi, A. (1996) Conversation as an Achievement in Aphasics. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
Labov, W. and Fanshel, D. (1977) Therapeutic Discourse: Psychotherapy as Conversation. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Lerner, G. H. (1996) On the ‘semi-permeable’ character of grammatical units in conversation: conditional entry into the turn space of another speaker. In E. Ochs, E. A. Schegloff and S. A. Thompson (eds) Interaction and Grammar, 238–276. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lerner, G. H. (2002) Turn-sharing. The choral co-production of talk-in-interaction. In C. E. Ford, B. Fox and S. A. Thompson (eds) The Language of Turn and Sequence, 225–256. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Levinson, S. C. (1979) Activity types and language. Linguistics 17 (5–6): 365–399.
Levinson, S. C. (1988) Putting linguistics on a proper footing. In P. Drew and A. Wootton (eds) Erving Goffman. Exploring the Interaction Order, 161–227. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Lind, M. (2005) Conversation – more than words. A Norwegian case study of the establishment of a contribution in aphasic interaction. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 15 (2): 213–239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2005.00088.x
Lind, M., Mørk, M. and Sønsterud, H. (2007) Blikk og samhandling i kommunikasjon med personer som stammer. Norsk tidsskrift for logopedi 53 (4): 12–17.
Linell, P. (1998) Approaching Dialogue. Talk, Interaction and Contexts in Dialogical Perspectives. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Company. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/impact.3
Linell, P. (2009) Rethinking Language, Mind, and World Dialogically. Interactional and Contextual Theories of Human Sense-Making. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Livingston, L. A., Flowers, Y. E., Hodor, B. A. and Ryan, B. P. (2000) The experimental analysis of interruption during conversation for three children who stutter. Journal of Development and Physical Disabilities 12 (4): 235–266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009465828258
Lock, S., Wilkinson, R. and Bryan, K. (2001) SPPARC (Supporting Partners of People with Aphasia in Relationships and Conversation): A Resource Pack. Bicester: Speechmark Press.
Manning, W. H. (2007) Clinical Decision Making in Fluency Disorders. (2nd edn). Vancouver: Singular Thomson Learning.
Meyers, S. C. and Freeman, F. J. (1985) Interruptions as a variable in stuttering and disfluency. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 28 (3): 428–435.
Norén, N. and Linell, P. (2013) Pivot constructions as everyday conversational phenomena within a cross-linguistic perspective: An introduction. Journal of Pragmatics 54: 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.03.006
Peräkylä, A. (1997) Reliability and validity in research based on tapes and transcripts. In D. Silverman (ed.) Qualitative Research. Theory, Method and Practice, 201–220. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Rhys, C. S. (2005) Gaze and the turn: A nonverbal solution to an interactive problem. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 19 (5): 419–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699200400027171
Ryan, B. P. (2000) Speaking rate, conversational speech acts, interruption, and linguistic complexity of 20 pre-school stuttering and non-stuttering children and their mothers. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 14 (1): 25–51.
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A. and Jefferson G. (1974) A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language 50 (4): 696–753. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/412243
Schegloff, E. A. (2007) Sequence Organization in Interaction. A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791208
Shapiro D. A. (2011) Stuttering Intervention. A Collaborative Journey to Fluency Freedom. (2nd edn) Austin, TX: Pro-ed.
Spencer, E., Packman, A., Onslow, M. and Ferguson, A. (2009) The effect of stuttering on communication: A preliminary investigation. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 23 (7): 473–488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699200902833373
Sønsterud, H., Mørk, M. and Lind, M. (2007) Improvement of fluency and listening skills in teenagers with advanced stuttering. Proceedings of the 2007 IALP Congress. (http://proceedings.ialp.info/contents.htm)
Tetnowski, J. A. and Damico, J. S. (2001) A demonstration of the advantages of qualitative methodologies in stuttering research. Journal of Fluency Disorders 26 (1): 17–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(01)00094-8
Tetnowski, J. A. and Damico, J. S. (2004) Getting out of Procrustes’ bed: The needs and benefits of qualitative research in stuttering. Advances in Speech-Language Pathology 6 (3): 153–158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14417040412331283002
Published
2014-07-31
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Lind, M., & Sønsterud, H. (2014). Co-construction of turns at talk: Active listening or disruptions in conversation with persons who stutter?. Journal of Interactional Research in Communication Disorders, 5(2), 141-166. https://doi.org/10.1558/jircd.v5i2.141
