What is Behind Yinshun’s Re-statement of the Nature of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā? Debates on the Creation of a New Mahāyāna in Twentieth-century China
Issued Date: 1 Jan 2013
Abstract
Yinshun (1906–2005) is regarded as one of the most eminent monks in twentieth-century Chinese Buddhism. Previous research has argued that Yinshun especially undertook the mission of writing new commentaries on Madhyamaka texts. His efforts provoked a revival of interest towards the Madhyamaka school among contemporary Chinese Buddhists, and a re-assessment of the position of the writings of Nāgārjuna within the history of Chinese Buddhism. This article focuses on Yinshun’s restatement of the nature of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, a text that has always been regarded as fundamental in the Madhyamaka/San-lun tradition in China. The first part analyzes Yinshun’s textual study of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, examining his approach to the text, and how he came to terms with previous Chinese traditional textual scholarship and canonical scriptures. The second part discusses Yinshun’s interpretation of the text by moving away from the micro-context of Chinese San-lun scholarship, and addressing the macro-context of the modern Chinese understanding of the Mahāyāna.
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References
T1509 Da zhidu lun 大智度論
T1521 Shi zhu piposha lun 十住毗婆沙論
T1564 Zhong lun 中論
T1565 Shun zhong lun 順中論
T1566 Banruo denglun shi 般若燈論釋
T1567 Dacheng zhongguan shi lun 大乘中觀釋論
T1568 Shi’er men lun 十二門論
T1569 Bai lun 百論
T1824 Zhongguan lun shu 中觀論疏
Changxing 常惺. 1937. ‘Xiandai zhongguo fojiao’ 現代中國佛教. Haichao yin 海潮音 18 (6): 5–9.
Chen Xueren 陳學仁. 1999. ‘Luelun zhonglun yu ahan jing de guanxi’ 略論中論與阿含經的關係. Xiangguang zhuangyan 香光莊嚴 57: 78–84.
———. 2000. Longshu pusa zhonglun ba bu sixiang tanjiu 龍樹菩薩中論八 不思想探究. Gaoxiong: Foguang.
Dao’an 道安. 1981. Dao’an fashi yiji 道安法師遺集 12 vols. Taipei: Dao’an fashi jinianhui.
Dongchu 東初. 1974. Zhongguo fojiao jindai shi 中國佛教近代史 2 vols. Taipei: Dongchu.
Fafang 法舫. 1937. ‘Yijiusanliunian de zhongguo fojiao’ 一九三六年的中國佛教. Haichao yin 海潮音 18(4): 13–23.
Gregory, Peter N. 1991. Tsung-mi and the sinification of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hobsbawm, Eric and Terence Ranger, eds. 1993. The invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huang Ruikai 黃瑞凱. 2002. ‘Xing kong sixiang yanjiu de yige mianxiang: panding “zhonglun shi ahan tonglun” de zonghe shengsi’ 性空思想研究的一個面向：判定「《中論》是《阿含》通論」的綜合省思. Available on-line from: www.yinshun.org.tw/91thesis/91-03A.doc (10 January 2004).
Huimin 惠敏. 1986. Zhongguan yu yuqie 中觀與瑜伽. Taipei: Dongchu.
Jones, Charles B. 1999. Buddhism in Taiwan: Religion and state. Honolulu: Hawai’i University Press.
Lan Jifu 藍吉富. 1991. Ershi shiji de Zhong-Ri fojiao 二十世紀的中日佛教. Taipei: Xin
———. 1993. Zhongguo fojiao fanlun 中國佛教泛論. Taipei: Xin wenfeng.
Liu, Ming-wood. 1994. Madhyamaka Thought In China. Leiden: Brill.
Madsen, Richard. 2007. Democracy’s Dharma: Religious Renaissance and Political Development in Taiwan. Berkeley: University of California Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520252271.001.0001
Maeda Eun 前田慧雲 (Zhu Yuanshan 朱元善, tr.).1920. Sanronshū kōyō 三論宗綱要. Tokyo: Heigo Shuppan-sha.
Palmer, Richard E. 1969. Hermeneutics. Interpretation Theory in Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Heidegger, and Gadamer. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Petzold, Bruno. 1982. Die Quintessenz der T’ian t’ai (Tendai) lehre: eine comparative untersuching. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Pittman, Don A. 2001. Toward a Modern Chinese Buddhism: Taixu’s Reforms. Honolulu: Hawai’i University Press.
Qiu Minjie 邱敏捷. 2000. Yinshun daoshi de fojiao sixiang 印順導師的佛教思. Taipei: Fajie.
Robinson, Richard. 1967. Early Madhyamika in India and China. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Rushi 如石. 2001. Xiandai dacheng qi xin lun — rushi fashi lunwen ji 現代大乘起信論—如石法師論文集. Nantou: Nanlin.
Ruyong 如永. 2002. ‘Yinshun fashi de “Zhonglun shi ahan jing de tonglun” zhi tanjiu’ 印順法師的「中論是阿含經的通論」之探討. 2001 nian foxue lunwen jiangxuejin de jiang lunwen ji 2001年佛學論文獎學金得獎論文集, 57–85.
Song Zelai 宋澤萊. 2000. Bei beipan de fotuo 被背叛的佛陀. Taipei: Qianyi.
———. 2001. Bei beipan de fotuo xuji 被背叛的佛陀續集. Taipei: Qianyi.
Taixu 太虛. 1936. ‘Wangsheng jingtu lun jiangyao’ 往生淨土論講要. In Taixu dashi quanshu, v.7, 2654–2655.
———. 1937. ‘Tingjiang Xiandai zhongguo fojiao zhi hou’ 聽講「現代中國佛教」之後. Haichao yin 海潮音 18(6): 10–12.
———.1942. ‘Faxing konghui xue gailun’ 法性空慧學概論. In Taixu dashi quanshu 太虛大師全書, 5: 808–825.
Teramoto, Enga tr. 寺本婉雅. 1937. Ryūjū jō. Chūson muisho 龍樹造．中論無畏疏. Tokyo: Daitō Shuppansha.
Travagnin, Stefania. 2001. ‘Il Nuovo “Buddhismo per l’Umanità” (renjian fojiao) a Taiwan. Una nota sulla classificazione degli insegnamenti (panjiao) secondo il Maestro Yinshun.’ Cina 29: 65–102.
———. 2009. The Madhyamaka Dimension of Yinshun. A Re-statement of the School of Nāgārjuna in Twentieth-Century Chinese Buddhism, PhD dissertation, SOAS University of London.
Wan Jinchuan 萬金川. 1995. Longshu de yuyan gainian 龍樹的語言概念. Nantou: Zhengguan.
———.1998. Zhongguan sixiang jianglu 中觀思想講錄. Jiayi: Xiangguang shuxiang.
Welch, Holmes. 1967. The Practice of Chinese Buddhism (1900–1950). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 1968. The Buddhist Revival in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 1972. Buddhism Under Mao. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wen Jinke 溫金柯. 2001. Jicheng yu pipan Yinshun fashi renjian fojiao sixiang 繼承與批判印順法師人間佛教思想. Taipei: Modern Chan Society.
Yinshun 印順. 1941. ‘Fa hai tan zhen’ 法海探針. Huayu ji 華雨集 4: 71–113.
———. 1942. Yindu zhi Fojiao 印度之佛教. Chengdu: Zhengwen xueshe.
———. 1949. Fofa gailun 佛法概論. Hong Kong: Xianghai lianshe.
———. 1950. Zhongguan jinlun 中觀今論. Hongkong: Xianghai lianshe.
———. 1952. Zhongguan lun song jiangji 中觀論頌講記. Hongkong: Xianghai lianshe.
———. 1960. Cheng fo zhi dao 成佛之道, Taipei: Zhengwen.
———. (Fayen S.K. Koo tr.). 1965. ‘The Madhyamika Doctrine: A Modern Restatement.’ Haichao yin 海潮音 46 no.3: 25–27.
———. 1968. Shuo yiqie youbu weizhu de lunshu yu lunshi zhi yanjiu 說一切有部為主的論書與論師之研究. Taipei: Zhengwen.
———. 1971a. Fo zai renjian 佛在人間. Taipei: Zhengwen.
———. 1971b. Yuanshi fojiao shengdian zhi jicheng 原始佛教聖典之集成. Taipei: Zhengwen.
———. 1974. ‘Youxin fahai liushinian’ 遊心法海六十年. Huayu ji 華雨集 5: 1–60.
———. 1981a. Rulaizang zhi yanjiu 如來藏之研究. Taipei: Zhengwen.
———. 1981b. Chuqi dacheng fojiao zhi qiyuan yu kaizhan 初期大乘佛教之起源與開展. Taipei: Zhengwen.
———. 1985. Kong zhi tanjiu 空之探究. Taipei: Zhengwen.
———. 1988. Yindu fojiao sixiang shi 印度佛教思想史. Taipei: Zhengwen.
———. 1989. ‘Qili qiji zhi renjian fojiao’ 契理契機之人間佛教. Huayu ji 華雨集 4: 1–70.
———. 1993. Da zhidu lun zhi zuozhe jiqi fanyi 大智度論之作者及其翻譯. Taipei: Zhengwen.
Yu Heng 毓恆. 2005. Yinshun fashi de beiai. Yi xiandai chan de zhiyi xiansuo 印順法師的悲哀–以現代禪的質疑為線索. Taipei: Fojiao zhengjue tongxiuhui.
T1521 Shi zhu piposha lun 十住毗婆沙論
T1564 Zhong lun 中論
T1565 Shun zhong lun 順中論
T1566 Banruo denglun shi 般若燈論釋
T1567 Dacheng zhongguan shi lun 大乘中觀釋論
T1568 Shi’er men lun 十二門論
T1569 Bai lun 百論
T1824 Zhongguan lun shu 中觀論疏
Changxing 常惺. 1937. ‘Xiandai zhongguo fojiao’ 現代中國佛教. Haichao yin 海潮音 18 (6): 5–9.
Chen Xueren 陳學仁. 1999. ‘Luelun zhonglun yu ahan jing de guanxi’ 略論中論與阿含經的關係. Xiangguang zhuangyan 香光莊嚴 57: 78–84.
———. 2000. Longshu pusa zhonglun ba bu sixiang tanjiu 龍樹菩薩中論八 不思想探究. Gaoxiong: Foguang.
Dao’an 道安. 1981. Dao’an fashi yiji 道安法師遺集 12 vols. Taipei: Dao’an fashi jinianhui.
Dongchu 東初. 1974. Zhongguo fojiao jindai shi 中國佛教近代史 2 vols. Taipei: Dongchu.
Fafang 法舫. 1937. ‘Yijiusanliunian de zhongguo fojiao’ 一九三六年的中國佛教. Haichao yin 海潮音 18(4): 13–23.
Gregory, Peter N. 1991. Tsung-mi and the sinification of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hobsbawm, Eric and Terence Ranger, eds. 1993. The invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huang Ruikai 黃瑞凱. 2002. ‘Xing kong sixiang yanjiu de yige mianxiang: panding “zhonglun shi ahan tonglun” de zonghe shengsi’ 性空思想研究的一個面向：判定「《中論》是《阿含》通論」的綜合省思. Available on-line from: www.yinshun.org.tw/91thesis/91-03A.doc (10 January 2004).
Huimin 惠敏. 1986. Zhongguan yu yuqie 中觀與瑜伽. Taipei: Dongchu.
Jones, Charles B. 1999. Buddhism in Taiwan: Religion and state. Honolulu: Hawai’i University Press.
Lan Jifu 藍吉富. 1991. Ershi shiji de Zhong-Ri fojiao 二十世紀的中日佛教. Taipei: Xin
———. 1993. Zhongguo fojiao fanlun 中國佛教泛論. Taipei: Xin wenfeng.
Liu, Ming-wood. 1994. Madhyamaka Thought In China. Leiden: Brill.
Madsen, Richard. 2007. Democracy’s Dharma: Religious Renaissance and Political Development in Taiwan. Berkeley: University of California Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520252271.001.0001
Maeda Eun 前田慧雲 (Zhu Yuanshan 朱元善, tr.).1920. Sanronshū kōyō 三論宗綱要. Tokyo: Heigo Shuppan-sha.
Palmer, Richard E. 1969. Hermeneutics. Interpretation Theory in Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Heidegger, and Gadamer. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Petzold, Bruno. 1982. Die Quintessenz der T’ian t’ai (Tendai) lehre: eine comparative untersuching. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Pittman, Don A. 2001. Toward a Modern Chinese Buddhism: Taixu’s Reforms. Honolulu: Hawai’i University Press.
Qiu Minjie 邱敏捷. 2000. Yinshun daoshi de fojiao sixiang 印順導師的佛教思. Taipei: Fajie.
Robinson, Richard. 1967. Early Madhyamika in India and China. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Rushi 如石. 2001. Xiandai dacheng qi xin lun — rushi fashi lunwen ji 現代大乘起信論—如石法師論文集. Nantou: Nanlin.
Ruyong 如永. 2002. ‘Yinshun fashi de “Zhonglun shi ahan jing de tonglun” zhi tanjiu’ 印順法師的「中論是阿含經的通論」之探討. 2001 nian foxue lunwen jiangxuejin de jiang lunwen ji 2001年佛學論文獎學金得獎論文集, 57–85.
Song Zelai 宋澤萊. 2000. Bei beipan de fotuo 被背叛的佛陀. Taipei: Qianyi.
———. 2001. Bei beipan de fotuo xuji 被背叛的佛陀續集. Taipei: Qianyi.
Taixu 太虛. 1936. ‘Wangsheng jingtu lun jiangyao’ 往生淨土論講要. In Taixu dashi quanshu, v.7, 2654–2655.
———. 1937. ‘Tingjiang Xiandai zhongguo fojiao zhi hou’ 聽講「現代中國佛教」之後. Haichao yin 海潮音 18(6): 10–12.
———.1942. ‘Faxing konghui xue gailun’ 法性空慧學概論. In Taixu dashi quanshu 太虛大師全書, 5: 808–825.
Teramoto, Enga tr. 寺本婉雅. 1937. Ryūjū jō. Chūson muisho 龍樹造．中論無畏疏. Tokyo: Daitō Shuppansha.
Travagnin, Stefania. 2001. ‘Il Nuovo “Buddhismo per l’Umanità” (renjian fojiao) a Taiwan. Una nota sulla classificazione degli insegnamenti (panjiao) secondo il Maestro Yinshun.’ Cina 29: 65–102.
———. 2009. The Madhyamaka Dimension of Yinshun. A Re-statement of the School of Nāgārjuna in Twentieth-Century Chinese Buddhism, PhD dissertation, SOAS University of London.
Wan Jinchuan 萬金川. 1995. Longshu de yuyan gainian 龍樹的語言概念. Nantou: Zhengguan.
———.1998. Zhongguan sixiang jianglu 中觀思想講錄. Jiayi: Xiangguang shuxiang.
Welch, Holmes. 1967. The Practice of Chinese Buddhism (1900–1950). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 1968. The Buddhist Revival in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 1972. Buddhism Under Mao. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wen Jinke 溫金柯. 2001. Jicheng yu pipan Yinshun fashi renjian fojiao sixiang 繼承與批判印順法師人間佛教思想. Taipei: Modern Chan Society.
Yinshun 印順. 1941. ‘Fa hai tan zhen’ 法海探針. Huayu ji 華雨集 4: 71–113.
———. 1942. Yindu zhi Fojiao 印度之佛教. Chengdu: Zhengwen xueshe.
———. 1949. Fofa gailun 佛法概論. Hong Kong: Xianghai lianshe.
———. 1950. Zhongguan jinlun 中觀今論. Hongkong: Xianghai lianshe.
———. 1952. Zhongguan lun song jiangji 中觀論頌講記. Hongkong: Xianghai lianshe.
———. 1960. Cheng fo zhi dao 成佛之道, Taipei: Zhengwen.
———. (Fayen S.K. Koo tr.). 1965. ‘The Madhyamika Doctrine: A Modern Restatement.’ Haichao yin 海潮音 46 no.3: 25–27.
———. 1968. Shuo yiqie youbu weizhu de lunshu yu lunshi zhi yanjiu 說一切有部為主的論書與論師之研究. Taipei: Zhengwen.
———. 1971a. Fo zai renjian 佛在人間. Taipei: Zhengwen.
———. 1971b. Yuanshi fojiao shengdian zhi jicheng 原始佛教聖典之集成. Taipei: Zhengwen.
———. 1974. ‘Youxin fahai liushinian’ 遊心法海六十年. Huayu ji 華雨集 5: 1–60.
———. 1981a. Rulaizang zhi yanjiu 如來藏之研究. Taipei: Zhengwen.
———. 1981b. Chuqi dacheng fojiao zhi qiyuan yu kaizhan 初期大乘佛教之起源與開展. Taipei: Zhengwen.
———. 1985. Kong zhi tanjiu 空之探究. Taipei: Zhengwen.
———. 1988. Yindu fojiao sixiang shi 印度佛教思想史. Taipei: Zhengwen.
———. 1989. ‘Qili qiji zhi renjian fojiao’ 契理契機之人間佛教. Huayu ji 華雨集 4: 1–70.
———. 1993. Da zhidu lun zhi zuozhe jiqi fanyi 大智度論之作者及其翻譯. Taipei: Zhengwen.
Yu Heng 毓恆. 2005. Yinshun fashi de beiai. Yi xiandai chan de zhiyi xiansuo 印順法師的悲哀–以現代禪的質疑為線索. Taipei: Fojiao zhengjue tongxiuhui.
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