'The Conversion of the Barbarians': Comparison and Psychotherapists’ Approaches to Buddhist Traditions in the United States
Issued Date: 26 Nov 2015
Abstract
The use of Buddhist teachings and practices in psychotherapy, once described as a new, popular trend, should now be considered an established feature of the mental health field in the United States and beyond. Religious studies scholars increasingly attend to these activities. Some express concern about what they view as the secularizing medicalization of centuries old traditions. Others counter with historical precedent for these phenomena comparing them to previous instances when Buddhist teachings and practices were introduced into new communities for healing benefit like medieval China. I reveal that a growing number of clinicians also describe their activities in comparison to moments of Buddhist transmission like medieval China. Drawing on the models of scholars like Robert Ford Campany and Pierce Salguero, I outline the possible benefits and limits of such comparisons. I ultimately conclude that scholars use comparison to normalize these contemporary phenomena as cohering to a historical pattern and their interpretations are subsequently employed by clinicians to legitimate their activities.
Download Media
PDF
References
Ando, Osamu Ando. 2009. ‘Psychotherapy and Buddhism: A Psychological Consideration of
Key Points of Contact’. In Self and No-Self: Continuing the Dialogue Between Buddhism and Psychotherapy, ed. Mathers et al, 8–19. New York: Routledge.
Aronson, Harvey. 2004. Buddhist Practice on Western Ground: Reconciling Eastern Ideals and Western
Psychology. Boston: Shambala.
Bell, Sandra. 1998. ‘British Theravada Buddhism: Otherworldly Theories, and the Theory of
Exchange’. Religion Today 13(2): 149–170.
Bielefeldt, Carl. 2009. ‘Expedient Devices, the One Vehicle, and the Life Span of the Buddha’. In
Readings of the Lotus Sutra, eds. Stephen Teiser and Jacqueline Stone, 62–83. New York: Columbia University Press.
Bokenkamp, Stephen. 2007. Ancestors and Anxiety: Daoism and the Birth of Rebirth in China.
Berkeley: University of California.
Braun, Erik. 2013. The Birth of Insight: Meditation, Modern Buddhism, and the Burmese Monk Ledi
Sayadaw. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Brown, Candy Gunther. 2013. The Healing Gods: Complementary and Alternative Medicine in
Christian America. New York: Oxford University.
–––––. 2014. ‘Mindfulness Meditation in U.S. Public Schools’. Paper, annual meeting of
American Academy of Religion, San Diego, November 24, 2014.
Campany, Robert Ford. 1993. ‘Buddhist Revelation and Taoist Translation in Early Medieval
China’. Taoist Resources 4: 1–29.
–––––. 2003. ‘On the Very Idea of Religions (in the Modern West and in Early Medieval China)’.
History of Religions 42(4): 287–319.
–––––. 2005. ‘Two Religious Thinkers of the Early Eastern Jin: Gan Bao and Ge Hong in Multiple
Contexts’. Asia Major, 3rd ser., 18: 175–224.
–––––. 2009. Making Transcendents: Ascetics and Social Memory in Early Medieval China. Honolulu:
University of Hawai’i Press.
–––––. 2012a. Signs from the Unseen Realm: Buddhist Miracle Tales from Early Medieval China.
Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
–––––. 2012b. ‘Religious Repertoires and Contestation: A Case Study Based on Buddhist Miracle
Tales’. History of Religions 52(2): 99–141.
Carrette, Jeremy and Richard King. 2005. Selling Spirituality: The Silent Takeover of Religion. New
York: Routledge.
Cho, Francisca. 2012. ‘Buddhism and Science: Translating and Re-translating Culture’. In
Buddhism in the Modern World, edited by David McMahan, 273–289. London and New
York: Routledge.
Cooper, Paul. 2010. The Zen Impulse and the Psychoanalytic Encounter. New York: Routledge.
Dryden, Windy, and Arthur Still. 2006. ‘Historical Aspects of Mindfulness and Self-Acceptance
in Psychotherapy’. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 24(1): 3–28.
Engler, Jack. 2003. ‘Being Somebody and Being Nobody: A Reexamination of the Understanding
of Self in Psychoanalysis and Buddhism’. In Psychoanalysis and Buddhism: An Unfolding Dialogue, edited by Jeremy Safran, 35–79. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications.
Epstein, Mark. 1996. Thoughts Without a Thinker: Psychotherapy from a Buddhist Perspective. New
York: Basic Books.
Faure, Bernard. 1993. Chan Insights and Oversights: An Epistemological Critique of the Chan Tradition.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Finn, Mark. 2003. ‘The Persistence of Spiritual Shyness in Psychoanalysis’. In Psychoanalysis and
Buddhism: An Unfolding Dialogue, edited by Jeremy Safran, 122–13. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications.
Friedman, Lawrence. 2013. The Lives of Erich Fromm: Love’s Prophet. New York: Columbia
University.
Fromm, Erich. 1960. ‘Psychoanalysis and Zen Buddhism’. In Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis, ed.
Erich Fromm et al., 77–141. New York: HarperCollins.
Fromm, Erich, D.T. Suzuki, and Richard DeMartino, eds. 1960. Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis.
New York: HarperCollins.
Funk, Rainer. 2000. Erich Fromm: His Life and Ideas, An Illustrated Biography. New York:
Continuum.
Germer, Christopher, Ronald Siegel, and Paul Fulton, eds. 2005. Mindfulness and Psychotherapy.
New York: Guilford.
Gleig, Ann. 2011. ‘Enlightenment after the Enlightenment: American Transformations of Asian
Contemplative Traditions’. PhD diss., Rice University.
–––––. 2012. ‘Wedding the Personal and Impersonal in West Coast Vipassana: A Dialogical
Encounter between Buddhism and Psychotherapy’. Journal of Global Buddhism 13: 129-
146. http://www.globalbuddhism.org/13/gleig12.pdf
Gomez, Luis. 1995. ‘Oriental Wisdom and the Cure of Souls: Jung and the Indian East’. In
Curators of the Buddha: The Study of Buddhism Under Colonialism, edited by Donald Lopez, 197–251. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Graham, Barbara. 1991. ‘ “In the Dukkha Magnet Zone” – An Interview with Jon Kabat-Zinn’.
Tricycle (Winter). http://www.tricycle.com/interview/dukkha-magnet-zone
Gyatso, Janet. 2015. Being Human in a Buddhist World: An Intellectual History of Medicine in Early
Modern Tibet. Columbia University Press.
Hanada-Lee, Julie. 2006. ‘Shandao’s Verses on Guiding Others and Healing the Heart’. In
Buddhism and Psychotherapy Across Cultures, edited by Mark Unno, 195–209. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications.
Harding, Christopher, Iwata Fumiaki, and Yoshinaga Shin’ichi, eds. 2015. Religion and
Psychotherapy in Modern Japan. New York: Routledge.
Harrington, Anne. 2008. The Cure Within: A History of Mind-Body Medicine. New York: Norton &
Company.
Harrington, Anne and John Dunne. Forthcoming. ‘Mindfulness Meditation: Frames and
Choices’. American Psychologist.
Harrington, Anne and Arthur Zajonc, eds. 2006. The Dalai Lama at MIT. Boston: Harvard
University Press.
Harrison, Peter. 2006. ‘“Science” and “Religion”: Constructing the Boundaries’. The Journal of
Religion 86(1): 81–106.
Helderman, Ira. ‘Drawing the Boundaries Between “Religion” and “Secular” in U.S.
Psychotherapists’ Approaches to Buddhist Traditions’, forthcoming in The Journal of the
American Academy of Religion.
Hickey, Wakoh Shannon. 2010. ‘Meditation as Medicine: A Critique’. CrossCurrents 60(2): 168–
184.
Hsiu-fen, Chen. 2005. ‘Wind Malady as Madness in Medieval China: Some Threads from the
Dunhuang Medical Manuscripts’. In Medieval Chinese Medicine: The Dunhuang Medical Manuscripts, ed. Vivienne Lo and Christopher Cullen, 345–362. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
Hymes, Robert. 2003. Way and Byway: Taoism, Local Religion, and Models of Divinity in Sung and
Modern China. Berkeley: University of California.
Imamura, Ryo. 1998. ‘Buddhist and Western Psychotherapies: An Asian American Perspective’.
In The Faces of Buddhism in America, eds. Charles Prebish and Kenneth Tanaka, 207–228. Berkeley: University of California.
Jung, C. G. (1928). ‘The Spiritual Problem of Modern Man’. Translated by R.F.C. Hull. In
Civilization in Transition. Bollingen Series, No. XX. Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Volume 10, 74–94. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964.
–––––. (1935). ‘Psychological Commentary on The Tibetan Book of the Dead’. Translated by R.F.C.
Hull. In Psychology and Religion: West and East. Bollingen Series, No. XX. Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Volume 11, 509–529. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., 1969.
–––––. 1954. ‘Psychological Commentary on The Tibetan Book of the Great Liberation’. In Psychology
and Religion: West and East. Bollingen Series, No. XX. Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Volume 11,
475–509. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., 1969.
–––––. (1956). ‘The Undiscovered Self (Present and Future)’. Translated by R.F.C. Hull. In
Civilization in Transition. Bollingen Series, No. XX. Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Volume 10, 245–307. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964.
Kabat-Zinn, Jon. 2011. ‘Some Reflections on the Origins of MSBR, Skillful Means, and the
Trouble With Maps’. Contemporary Buddhism 12(1): 281–306.
Kabat-Zinn, Jon, and Richard Davidson, eds. 2011. The Mind’s Own Physician: A Scientific Dialogue
with the Dalai Lama on the Healing Power of Meditation. San Francisco: New Harbringer.
Kalinowski, Marc. 2004. ‘Technical Traditions in Ancient China and Shushu Culture in Chinese
Religion’. in Religion and Chinese Society: Ancient and Medieval China Volume I, ed. John Lagerway), 223–248. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong Press and Ecole francaise d’Extreme-Orient.
Kohn, Livia. 2008. Laughing at the Dao: Debates among Buddhists and Daoists in Medieval China.
Magdalena, NM: Three Pines Press.
Kornfield, Jack. 2008. The Wise Heart: A Guide to the Universal Teachings of Buddhist Psychology. New
York: Bantam.
Lee, Justin. 2005. ‘Investigating the Hybridity of “Wellness” Practices’. Theory and Research in
Comparative Social Analysis 28. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/soc237/papers/Lee.pdf
Lincoln, Bruce. 2012. Gods and Demons, Priests and Scholars: Critical Explorations in the History of
Religions. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Linehan, Marsha. 1993. Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York:
Guilford.
Loizzo, Joseph. 2001. ‘Candrakīrti and the Moon-Flower of Nālandā: Objectivity and Self-
Correction in India’s Central Therapeutic Philosophy of Language’. PhD diss., Columbia University.
–––––. 2009. ‘Kālacakra and the Nālandā: Tradition: Science, Religion, and Objectivity in
Buddhism and the West’. As Long as Space Endures: Essays on the Kalacakra Tantra in Honor of HH the Dalai Lama, edited by Edward A. Arnold, 333–367. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion.
Loizzo, Joe. 2012. Sustainable Happiness: The Mind Science of Well-Being, Altruism, and Inspiration.
New York: Routledge.
Lopez, Donald. 2008. Buddhism and Science: A Guide for the Perplexed. Chicago, IL: University of
Chicago.
–––––. 2012. The Scientific Buddha: His Short and Happy Life. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Maex, Edel. 2011. ‘The Buddhist Roots of Mindfulness Training: A Practitioners View’.
Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1): 165–175.
Magid, Barry. 2009. Ending the Pursuit of Happiness: A Zen Guide. Somerville, MA: Wisdom
Publications.
Mair, Victor. 2012. ‘What is Geyi, After All?’ China Report 48: 29–59.
Masuzawa, Tomoko. 1995. The Invention of World Religions, or, How European Universalism Was
Preserved by in the Language of Pluralism. Chicago: University of Chicago.
McMahan , David. 2002. ‘Repackaging Zen for the West’. In Westward Dharma Buddhism Beyond
Asia, edited by Charles Prebish and Martin Baumann, 218–229. Berkeley: University of California Press.
–––––. 2008. The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
–––––. 2011. ‘From Colonial Ceylon to the Laboratories of Harvard’. In Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science, eds. James Lewis and Olav Hammer, 117–141. Boston: Brill.
–––––. 2012. ‘The Enchanted Secular: Buddhism and the Emergence of Transtraditional
“Spirituality” ’. The Eastern Buddhist 43: 205–223.
McRae, John. 2003. Seeing Through Zen: Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan
Buddhism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mellor, Philip. 1991. ‘Protestant Buddhism?: The Cultural Translation of Buddhism in England’.
Religion 21(1): 73–92.
Metcalf, Franz Aubrey. 2001. ‘Buddhism and Psychology: a Perspective at the Millennium’.
Religious Studies Review: 349–354.
Miller, Melvin. 2002. ‘Zen and Psychotherapy: From Neutrality, Through Relationship, to the
Emptying Place’. In Awakening and Insight: Zen Buddhism and Psychotherapy, eds. Polly Young-Eisendrath and Shoji Muramoto, 79–91. East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge.
Mollier, Christine. 2008. Buddhism and Taoism Face to Face: Scripture, Ritual, and Iconographic
Exchange in Medieval China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Overmyer, Daniel. 1990. ‘Buddhism in The Trenches: Attitudes Toward Popular Religion in
Chinese Scriptures Found at Tun-Huang’. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 50(1): 197–222.
Parsons, William. 2010. ‘Of Chariots, Navels, and Winged Steeds: The Dialogue between
Psychoanalysis and Buddhism’. In Disciplining Freud on Religion: Perspectives from the Humanities and Social Sciences, eds. Gregory Kaplan and William Parsons, 107–146. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington.
Purser, Ron, and David Loy. 2013. ‘Beyond McMindfulness’. Huffington Post.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ron-purser/beyond-mcmindfulness_b_3519289.html
Pye, Michael. 2003. Skillful Means: A Concept in Mahayana Buddhism, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
Robson, James. 2014. ‘From Buddhist Monasteries to Mental Hospitals: Meditation, Violence,
and Tending to the Insane in Traditional and Modern Japan’. Paper, Numata Conference in Buddhist Studies: Violence, Nonviolence, and Japanese Religions: Past, Present, and Future, University of Hawai’i, March 20, 2014.
Ricoeur, Paul, trans Denis Savage. 1970. Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation. New
Haven Yale.
Robbins, Joel. 2011. ‘Crypto-Religion and the Study of Cultural Mixtures: Anthropology, Value,
and the Nature of Syncretism’. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 79(2): 408–424.
Rubin, Jeffrey. 1996. Psychotherapy and Buddhism: Toward an Integration. New York: Plenum Press.
Rubin, Jeffrey. 2011. The Art of Flourishing: A New East-West Approach to Staying Sane and Finding
Love in an Insane World. New York: Random House.
Salguero, Pierce. 2009. ‘The Buddhist Medicine King in Literary Context: Reconsidering an
Early Medieval Example of Indian Influence on Chinese Medicine and Surgery’. History of Religions 48(3): 183–210.
–––––. 2010a. ‘‘‘A Flock of Ghosts Bursting Forth and Scattering”: Healing Narratives in a Sixth-
Century Chinese Buddhist Hagiography’. East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 32: 89–120.
–––––. 2010b. ‘Mixing Metaphors: Translating the Indian Medical Doctrine Tridosa in Chinese
Buddhist Sources’. Asian Medicine 6(1): 55–74.
–––––. 2014. Translating Buddhist Medicine in Medieval China. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press.
Schireson, Grace. 2009. Zen Women: Beyond Tea Ladies, Iron Maidens, and Macho Masters.
Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications.
Segal, Zindel, J. Mark G. Williams, and John Teasdale. 2001. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
for Depression: A New Approach to Preventing Relapse. New York: Guilford.
Sered, Susan and Linda Barnes. 2005. ‘Introduction’. In Religion and Healing in America, eds. Linda
Barnes and Susan Sered, 3–29. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Sered, Susan. 2008. ‘Taxonomies of Ritual Mixing’. History of Religions 47 (2/3): 221–238.
Sharf, Robert. 1995a. ‘Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience’. Numen
42(3): 228–283.
–––––. 1995b. ‘The Zen of Japanese Nationalism’. In Curators of the Buddha: The Study of Buddhism
Under Colonialism, ed. Donald Lopez, 107–161. Chicago: University of Chicago.
–––––. 2002a. ‘On Pure Land Buddhism and Ch’an/Pure Land Syncretism in Medieval China’. T’oung Pao 88.4/5 (2002): 282–331.
–––––. 2002b. Coming to Terms with Chinese Buddhism: A Reading of the Treasure Store Treatise.
Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
–––––. 2014a. ‘Mindfulness and mindlessness in early Chan’. Philosophy East and West 64(4): 933–
964.
–––––. 2014b. ‘Is Mindfulness Buddhist? (And Why It Matters)’. Transcultural Psychiatry.
http://tps.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/10/31/1363461514557561.refs
Smith, Jonathan Z. 1990. Drudgery Divine: On the Comparison of Early Christianities and the Religions
of Late Antiquity. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Stewart, Tony K. 2001. ‘In Search of Equivalence: Conceiving Muslim-Hindu Encounter
Through Translation Theory’. History of Religions, 40(3): 260–287.
Stricker, George. 2012. Psychotherapy Integration. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Strickmann, Michel. 2002. Chinese Magical Medicine, ed. Bernard Faure. Stanford: Stanford
University Press.
The Buddha, directed by David Grubin (2010; Los Angeles, CA: PBS, 2010), DVD.
Tweed, Thomas. 1999. ‘Night-Stand Buddhists and Other Creatures: Sympathizers, Adherents,
and the Study of Religion’. In American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship, edited by Duncan Ryūken Williams and Christpher S. Queen, 71–90. Richmond, UK: Curzon
Watson, Gay. 2008. Beyond Happiness: Deepening the Dialogue Between Buddhism, Psychotherapy and
the Mind Sciences. London: Karnac.
Weber, Sara. 2003. ‘An Analyst’s Surrender’. In Psychoanalysis and Buddhism: An Unfolding
Dialogue, edited by Jeremy Safran, 169–189. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications.
Wilson, Jeff. 2014. Mindful America: The Mutual Transformation of Buddhist Meditation and American
Culture. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Young-Eisendrath, Polly and Shoji Muramoto, eds. 2002. Awakening and Insight: Zen Buddhism
and Psychotherapy. East Sussex, UK: Brunner-Routledge Press.
Zurcher, Erik. 1959. The Buddhist Conquest of China. Leiden: Brill.
Key Points of Contact’. In Self and No-Self: Continuing the Dialogue Between Buddhism and Psychotherapy, ed. Mathers et al, 8–19. New York: Routledge.
Aronson, Harvey. 2004. Buddhist Practice on Western Ground: Reconciling Eastern Ideals and Western
Psychology. Boston: Shambala.
Bell, Sandra. 1998. ‘British Theravada Buddhism: Otherworldly Theories, and the Theory of
Exchange’. Religion Today 13(2): 149–170.
Bielefeldt, Carl. 2009. ‘Expedient Devices, the One Vehicle, and the Life Span of the Buddha’. In
Readings of the Lotus Sutra, eds. Stephen Teiser and Jacqueline Stone, 62–83. New York: Columbia University Press.
Bokenkamp, Stephen. 2007. Ancestors and Anxiety: Daoism and the Birth of Rebirth in China.
Berkeley: University of California.
Braun, Erik. 2013. The Birth of Insight: Meditation, Modern Buddhism, and the Burmese Monk Ledi
Sayadaw. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Brown, Candy Gunther. 2013. The Healing Gods: Complementary and Alternative Medicine in
Christian America. New York: Oxford University.
–––––. 2014. ‘Mindfulness Meditation in U.S. Public Schools’. Paper, annual meeting of
American Academy of Religion, San Diego, November 24, 2014.
Campany, Robert Ford. 1993. ‘Buddhist Revelation and Taoist Translation in Early Medieval
China’. Taoist Resources 4: 1–29.
–––––. 2003. ‘On the Very Idea of Religions (in the Modern West and in Early Medieval China)’.
History of Religions 42(4): 287–319.
–––––. 2005. ‘Two Religious Thinkers of the Early Eastern Jin: Gan Bao and Ge Hong in Multiple
Contexts’. Asia Major, 3rd ser., 18: 175–224.
–––––. 2009. Making Transcendents: Ascetics and Social Memory in Early Medieval China. Honolulu:
University of Hawai’i Press.
–––––. 2012a. Signs from the Unseen Realm: Buddhist Miracle Tales from Early Medieval China.
Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
–––––. 2012b. ‘Religious Repertoires and Contestation: A Case Study Based on Buddhist Miracle
Tales’. History of Religions 52(2): 99–141.
Carrette, Jeremy and Richard King. 2005. Selling Spirituality: The Silent Takeover of Religion. New
York: Routledge.
Cho, Francisca. 2012. ‘Buddhism and Science: Translating and Re-translating Culture’. In
Buddhism in the Modern World, edited by David McMahan, 273–289. London and New
York: Routledge.
Cooper, Paul. 2010. The Zen Impulse and the Psychoanalytic Encounter. New York: Routledge.
Dryden, Windy, and Arthur Still. 2006. ‘Historical Aspects of Mindfulness and Self-Acceptance
in Psychotherapy’. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 24(1): 3–28.
Engler, Jack. 2003. ‘Being Somebody and Being Nobody: A Reexamination of the Understanding
of Self in Psychoanalysis and Buddhism’. In Psychoanalysis and Buddhism: An Unfolding Dialogue, edited by Jeremy Safran, 35–79. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications.
Epstein, Mark. 1996. Thoughts Without a Thinker: Psychotherapy from a Buddhist Perspective. New
York: Basic Books.
Faure, Bernard. 1993. Chan Insights and Oversights: An Epistemological Critique of the Chan Tradition.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Finn, Mark. 2003. ‘The Persistence of Spiritual Shyness in Psychoanalysis’. In Psychoanalysis and
Buddhism: An Unfolding Dialogue, edited by Jeremy Safran, 122–13. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications.
Friedman, Lawrence. 2013. The Lives of Erich Fromm: Love’s Prophet. New York: Columbia
University.
Fromm, Erich. 1960. ‘Psychoanalysis and Zen Buddhism’. In Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis, ed.
Erich Fromm et al., 77–141. New York: HarperCollins.
Fromm, Erich, D.T. Suzuki, and Richard DeMartino, eds. 1960. Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis.
New York: HarperCollins.
Funk, Rainer. 2000. Erich Fromm: His Life and Ideas, An Illustrated Biography. New York:
Continuum.
Germer, Christopher, Ronald Siegel, and Paul Fulton, eds. 2005. Mindfulness and Psychotherapy.
New York: Guilford.
Gleig, Ann. 2011. ‘Enlightenment after the Enlightenment: American Transformations of Asian
Contemplative Traditions’. PhD diss., Rice University.
–––––. 2012. ‘Wedding the Personal and Impersonal in West Coast Vipassana: A Dialogical
Encounter between Buddhism and Psychotherapy’. Journal of Global Buddhism 13: 129-
146. http://www.globalbuddhism.org/13/gleig12.pdf
Gomez, Luis. 1995. ‘Oriental Wisdom and the Cure of Souls: Jung and the Indian East’. In
Curators of the Buddha: The Study of Buddhism Under Colonialism, edited by Donald Lopez, 197–251. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Graham, Barbara. 1991. ‘ “In the Dukkha Magnet Zone” – An Interview with Jon Kabat-Zinn’.
Tricycle (Winter). http://www.tricycle.com/interview/dukkha-magnet-zone
Gyatso, Janet. 2015. Being Human in a Buddhist World: An Intellectual History of Medicine in Early
Modern Tibet. Columbia University Press.
Hanada-Lee, Julie. 2006. ‘Shandao’s Verses on Guiding Others and Healing the Heart’. In
Buddhism and Psychotherapy Across Cultures, edited by Mark Unno, 195–209. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications.
Harding, Christopher, Iwata Fumiaki, and Yoshinaga Shin’ichi, eds. 2015. Religion and
Psychotherapy in Modern Japan. New York: Routledge.
Harrington, Anne. 2008. The Cure Within: A History of Mind-Body Medicine. New York: Norton &
Company.
Harrington, Anne and John Dunne. Forthcoming. ‘Mindfulness Meditation: Frames and
Choices’. American Psychologist.
Harrington, Anne and Arthur Zajonc, eds. 2006. The Dalai Lama at MIT. Boston: Harvard
University Press.
Harrison, Peter. 2006. ‘“Science” and “Religion”: Constructing the Boundaries’. The Journal of
Religion 86(1): 81–106.
Helderman, Ira. ‘Drawing the Boundaries Between “Religion” and “Secular” in U.S.
Psychotherapists’ Approaches to Buddhist Traditions’, forthcoming in The Journal of the
American Academy of Religion.
Hickey, Wakoh Shannon. 2010. ‘Meditation as Medicine: A Critique’. CrossCurrents 60(2): 168–
184.
Hsiu-fen, Chen. 2005. ‘Wind Malady as Madness in Medieval China: Some Threads from the
Dunhuang Medical Manuscripts’. In Medieval Chinese Medicine: The Dunhuang Medical Manuscripts, ed. Vivienne Lo and Christopher Cullen, 345–362. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
Hymes, Robert. 2003. Way and Byway: Taoism, Local Religion, and Models of Divinity in Sung and
Modern China. Berkeley: University of California.
Imamura, Ryo. 1998. ‘Buddhist and Western Psychotherapies: An Asian American Perspective’.
In The Faces of Buddhism in America, eds. Charles Prebish and Kenneth Tanaka, 207–228. Berkeley: University of California.
Jung, C. G. (1928). ‘The Spiritual Problem of Modern Man’. Translated by R.F.C. Hull. In
Civilization in Transition. Bollingen Series, No. XX. Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Volume 10, 74–94. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964.
–––––. (1935). ‘Psychological Commentary on The Tibetan Book of the Dead’. Translated by R.F.C.
Hull. In Psychology and Religion: West and East. Bollingen Series, No. XX. Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Volume 11, 509–529. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., 1969.
–––––. 1954. ‘Psychological Commentary on The Tibetan Book of the Great Liberation’. In Psychology
and Religion: West and East. Bollingen Series, No. XX. Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Volume 11,
475–509. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., 1969.
–––––. (1956). ‘The Undiscovered Self (Present and Future)’. Translated by R.F.C. Hull. In
Civilization in Transition. Bollingen Series, No. XX. Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Volume 10, 245–307. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964.
Kabat-Zinn, Jon. 2011. ‘Some Reflections on the Origins of MSBR, Skillful Means, and the
Trouble With Maps’. Contemporary Buddhism 12(1): 281–306.
Kabat-Zinn, Jon, and Richard Davidson, eds. 2011. The Mind’s Own Physician: A Scientific Dialogue
with the Dalai Lama on the Healing Power of Meditation. San Francisco: New Harbringer.
Kalinowski, Marc. 2004. ‘Technical Traditions in Ancient China and Shushu Culture in Chinese
Religion’. in Religion and Chinese Society: Ancient and Medieval China Volume I, ed. John Lagerway), 223–248. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong Press and Ecole francaise d’Extreme-Orient.
Kohn, Livia. 2008. Laughing at the Dao: Debates among Buddhists and Daoists in Medieval China.
Magdalena, NM: Three Pines Press.
Kornfield, Jack. 2008. The Wise Heart: A Guide to the Universal Teachings of Buddhist Psychology. New
York: Bantam.
Lee, Justin. 2005. ‘Investigating the Hybridity of “Wellness” Practices’. Theory and Research in
Comparative Social Analysis 28. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/soc237/papers/Lee.pdf
Lincoln, Bruce. 2012. Gods and Demons, Priests and Scholars: Critical Explorations in the History of
Religions. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Linehan, Marsha. 1993. Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York:
Guilford.
Loizzo, Joseph. 2001. ‘Candrakīrti and the Moon-Flower of Nālandā: Objectivity and Self-
Correction in India’s Central Therapeutic Philosophy of Language’. PhD diss., Columbia University.
–––––. 2009. ‘Kālacakra and the Nālandā: Tradition: Science, Religion, and Objectivity in
Buddhism and the West’. As Long as Space Endures: Essays on the Kalacakra Tantra in Honor of HH the Dalai Lama, edited by Edward A. Arnold, 333–367. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion.
Loizzo, Joe. 2012. Sustainable Happiness: The Mind Science of Well-Being, Altruism, and Inspiration.
New York: Routledge.
Lopez, Donald. 2008. Buddhism and Science: A Guide for the Perplexed. Chicago, IL: University of
Chicago.
–––––. 2012. The Scientific Buddha: His Short and Happy Life. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Maex, Edel. 2011. ‘The Buddhist Roots of Mindfulness Training: A Practitioners View’.
Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1): 165–175.
Magid, Barry. 2009. Ending the Pursuit of Happiness: A Zen Guide. Somerville, MA: Wisdom
Publications.
Mair, Victor. 2012. ‘What is Geyi, After All?’ China Report 48: 29–59.
Masuzawa, Tomoko. 1995. The Invention of World Religions, or, How European Universalism Was
Preserved by in the Language of Pluralism. Chicago: University of Chicago.
McMahan , David. 2002. ‘Repackaging Zen for the West’. In Westward Dharma Buddhism Beyond
Asia, edited by Charles Prebish and Martin Baumann, 218–229. Berkeley: University of California Press.
–––––. 2008. The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
–––––. 2011. ‘From Colonial Ceylon to the Laboratories of Harvard’. In Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science, eds. James Lewis and Olav Hammer, 117–141. Boston: Brill.
–––––. 2012. ‘The Enchanted Secular: Buddhism and the Emergence of Transtraditional
“Spirituality” ’. The Eastern Buddhist 43: 205–223.
McRae, John. 2003. Seeing Through Zen: Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan
Buddhism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mellor, Philip. 1991. ‘Protestant Buddhism?: The Cultural Translation of Buddhism in England’.
Religion 21(1): 73–92.
Metcalf, Franz Aubrey. 2001. ‘Buddhism and Psychology: a Perspective at the Millennium’.
Religious Studies Review: 349–354.
Miller, Melvin. 2002. ‘Zen and Psychotherapy: From Neutrality, Through Relationship, to the
Emptying Place’. In Awakening and Insight: Zen Buddhism and Psychotherapy, eds. Polly Young-Eisendrath and Shoji Muramoto, 79–91. East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge.
Mollier, Christine. 2008. Buddhism and Taoism Face to Face: Scripture, Ritual, and Iconographic
Exchange in Medieval China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Overmyer, Daniel. 1990. ‘Buddhism in The Trenches: Attitudes Toward Popular Religion in
Chinese Scriptures Found at Tun-Huang’. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 50(1): 197–222.
Parsons, William. 2010. ‘Of Chariots, Navels, and Winged Steeds: The Dialogue between
Psychoanalysis and Buddhism’. In Disciplining Freud on Religion: Perspectives from the Humanities and Social Sciences, eds. Gregory Kaplan and William Parsons, 107–146. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington.
Purser, Ron, and David Loy. 2013. ‘Beyond McMindfulness’. Huffington Post.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ron-purser/beyond-mcmindfulness_b_3519289.html
Pye, Michael. 2003. Skillful Means: A Concept in Mahayana Buddhism, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
Robson, James. 2014. ‘From Buddhist Monasteries to Mental Hospitals: Meditation, Violence,
and Tending to the Insane in Traditional and Modern Japan’. Paper, Numata Conference in Buddhist Studies: Violence, Nonviolence, and Japanese Religions: Past, Present, and Future, University of Hawai’i, March 20, 2014.
Ricoeur, Paul, trans Denis Savage. 1970. Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation. New
Haven Yale.
Robbins, Joel. 2011. ‘Crypto-Religion and the Study of Cultural Mixtures: Anthropology, Value,
and the Nature of Syncretism’. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 79(2): 408–424.
Rubin, Jeffrey. 1996. Psychotherapy and Buddhism: Toward an Integration. New York: Plenum Press.
Rubin, Jeffrey. 2011. The Art of Flourishing: A New East-West Approach to Staying Sane and Finding
Love in an Insane World. New York: Random House.
Salguero, Pierce. 2009. ‘The Buddhist Medicine King in Literary Context: Reconsidering an
Early Medieval Example of Indian Influence on Chinese Medicine and Surgery’. History of Religions 48(3): 183–210.
–––––. 2010a. ‘‘‘A Flock of Ghosts Bursting Forth and Scattering”: Healing Narratives in a Sixth-
Century Chinese Buddhist Hagiography’. East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 32: 89–120.
–––––. 2010b. ‘Mixing Metaphors: Translating the Indian Medical Doctrine Tridosa in Chinese
Buddhist Sources’. Asian Medicine 6(1): 55–74.
–––––. 2014. Translating Buddhist Medicine in Medieval China. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press.
Schireson, Grace. 2009. Zen Women: Beyond Tea Ladies, Iron Maidens, and Macho Masters.
Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications.
Segal, Zindel, J. Mark G. Williams, and John Teasdale. 2001. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
for Depression: A New Approach to Preventing Relapse. New York: Guilford.
Sered, Susan and Linda Barnes. 2005. ‘Introduction’. In Religion and Healing in America, eds. Linda
Barnes and Susan Sered, 3–29. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Sered, Susan. 2008. ‘Taxonomies of Ritual Mixing’. History of Religions 47 (2/3): 221–238.
Sharf, Robert. 1995a. ‘Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience’. Numen
42(3): 228–283.
–––––. 1995b. ‘The Zen of Japanese Nationalism’. In Curators of the Buddha: The Study of Buddhism
Under Colonialism, ed. Donald Lopez, 107–161. Chicago: University of Chicago.
–––––. 2002a. ‘On Pure Land Buddhism and Ch’an/Pure Land Syncretism in Medieval China’. T’oung Pao 88.4/5 (2002): 282–331.
–––––. 2002b. Coming to Terms with Chinese Buddhism: A Reading of the Treasure Store Treatise.
Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
–––––. 2014a. ‘Mindfulness and mindlessness in early Chan’. Philosophy East and West 64(4): 933–
964.
–––––. 2014b. ‘Is Mindfulness Buddhist? (And Why It Matters)’. Transcultural Psychiatry.
http://tps.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/10/31/1363461514557561.refs
Smith, Jonathan Z. 1990. Drudgery Divine: On the Comparison of Early Christianities and the Religions
of Late Antiquity. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Stewart, Tony K. 2001. ‘In Search of Equivalence: Conceiving Muslim-Hindu Encounter
Through Translation Theory’. History of Religions, 40(3): 260–287.
Stricker, George. 2012. Psychotherapy Integration. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Strickmann, Michel. 2002. Chinese Magical Medicine, ed. Bernard Faure. Stanford: Stanford
University Press.
The Buddha, directed by David Grubin (2010; Los Angeles, CA: PBS, 2010), DVD.
Tweed, Thomas. 1999. ‘Night-Stand Buddhists and Other Creatures: Sympathizers, Adherents,
and the Study of Religion’. In American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship, edited by Duncan Ryūken Williams and Christpher S. Queen, 71–90. Richmond, UK: Curzon
Watson, Gay. 2008. Beyond Happiness: Deepening the Dialogue Between Buddhism, Psychotherapy and
the Mind Sciences. London: Karnac.
Weber, Sara. 2003. ‘An Analyst’s Surrender’. In Psychoanalysis and Buddhism: An Unfolding
Dialogue, edited by Jeremy Safran, 169–189. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications.
Wilson, Jeff. 2014. Mindful America: The Mutual Transformation of Buddhist Meditation and American
Culture. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Young-Eisendrath, Polly and Shoji Muramoto, eds. 2002. Awakening and Insight: Zen Buddhism
and Psychotherapy. East Sussex, UK: Brunner-Routledge Press.
Zurcher, Erik. 1959. The Buddhist Conquest of China. Leiden: Brill.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.