The Cosmopolitan Canopy of East Maritime Southeast Asia: Minority citizenship in the Phil-Indo Archipelago
Issued Date: 20 Sep 2012
Abstract
In this article Lawrence examines the elusive yet decisive role of the public square. He explains that the “public square” is the crucial category for understanding the scale and scope of citizenship. Both Indonesia and the Philippines resemble other contemporary polities in so far as their subjects/citizens project public faith, or religion in the public square. Minorities, like their majority neighbors, are ‘pious patriots,’ but they are patriots first. Lawrence demonstrates that to understand minority citizenship, individual voices from both polities must be analyzed. In doing so, he questions whether they can be simply categorized as full-fledged citizens of nation-states. Key terms that define minority relations are IP (Indigenous People) for the Southern Philippines, and adat (native practices) for many of the newly autonomous regions within Indonesia. By examining both IP and adat, Lawrence underscores the benefits, but also reveals the shortcomings, of the public square as it functions throughout the Phil-Indo Archipelago. This study concludes with a projection of what future changes in the public square will augur, not only for the region but also for its neighbors.
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References
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Anderson, Benedict. “Long-Distance Nationalism.”In The Spectre of Comparisons —Nationalism, Southeast Asia, and the World, edited by Benedict Anderson, 58–74. London: Verso, 1998.
Arifianto, Alexander R. “Explaining the Cause of Muslim-Christian Conflicts in Indonesia and Tracing the Origins of Kristeniasi (Christianization) and Islamisasi (Islamization).” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 20(1), (2009): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09596410802542144
Ayoob, Mohammed. The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim World. Singapore: NUS Press, 2008.
Azra, Azyurmadi, “Highlights of Discussion.” In Religion and Religiosity in the Philippine and Indonesia—Essays on State, Society and Public Creeds, edited by Theodore Friend, 85–111. Washington, DC: School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, 2006.
Beatty, Andrew. Varieties of Javanese Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612497
Beyer, Peter. “Constitutional Privilege and Constituting Pluralism: Religious Freedom in National, Global, and Legal Context.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42(3), (2003): 333–339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.00185
Duncan, Christopher, ed. Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities. Singapore: NUS Press, 2008.
Friend, Theodore, ed. Religion and Religiosity in the Philippine and Indonesia– Essays on State, Society and Public Creeds.Washington, DC: School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, 2006.
Hayase, Shinzo. Mindanao Ethnohistorybeyond Nations: Maguindanao, Sangir, and Bagobo Societies in East Maritime Southeast Asia. Manila: Ateneo de Manila Press, 2007.
Hawkins, Michael. “Muslim Integration in the Philippines: A Historiographical Survey.” Asia-Pacific Social Science Review 8(1), (2008): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3860/apssr.v8i1.703
Hefner, Robert W. “State, Society, and Secularity in Contemporary Indonesia.” In Religion and Religiosity in the Philippine and Indonesia—Essays on State, Society and Public Creeds, edited by Theodore Friend, 39–47. Washington, DC: School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, 2006.
Husain, Fatimah. Muslim-Christian Relations in the New Order Indonesia. Jakarta: Mizan Press, 2005.
Keating, Michael and John McGarry, eds. Minority Nationalism and the Changing World Order. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Kymlicka, Will, ed. The Rights of Minority Cultures. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Lane, Max. Unfinished Nation—Indonesia Before and After Suharto.London: Verso, 2008.
March, Andrew. Islam and Liberal Citizenship.New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Mendoza, Lily. Between the Homeland and the Diaspora: The Politics of Theorizing Filipino and Filipino American Identity. New York: Routledge; Manila: Ateneo de Manila Press, 2002/2006.
Mujiburrahman, Feeling Threatened: Muslim-Christian Relations in Indonesia’s New Order. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2006.
Nandy, Ashis. “The Politics of Secularism and the Recovery of Religious Tolerance.”In Secularism and Its Critics, edited by Rajeev Bhargava, 321–344. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Nordholt, Henk Schulte and Gerry van Klinken, eds. Renegotiating Boundaries: Local Politics in post-Soeharto Indonesia. Amsterdam: KITLV Press, 2007.
Quimpo, Nathan G. “Colonial Name, Colonial Mentality and Ethnocentrism.” Public Policy 4(1), (2000): 1–30.
———. “Mindanao—the Pitfalls in Working for Peace in a Time of Political Decay.”In Autonomy and Ethnic Conflict in South and Southeast Asia, edited by Rajat Ganguly, 1–22. London: Routledge, 2010.
Vincente L. Rafael, “Spectral communities : Religiosity and nationhood in the contemporary Philippines,” In Religion and Religiosity in the Philippine and Indonesia—Essays on State, Society and Public Creeds, edited by Theodore Friend, 53–62. Washington, DC: School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, 2006.
Rodil, Rudy. The Minoritization of the Indigenous Communities of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. Davao: Alternative Forum for Research in Mindanao, 1994.
Sutanto, Trisno S. “Strengthening Pluralism—A Personal Note.” Unpublished paper delivered at 12 March 2009 International Seminar on Religion and Society: A Dialog, held at Paramadina University, Jakarta.
Tuazon, Bobby M. ed. The Moro Reader: History and Contemporary Struggles of the Bangsamoro People. Diliman, Quezon City: CenPEG Books, 2008.
Turner, Bryan. “The Erosion of Citizenship” British Journal of Sociology 52(2), (2001): 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071310120044944
Waldron, Jeremy. “Minority Cultures and the Cosmopolitan Perspective”.In The Rights of Minority Cultures, edited by Will Kymlicka, 97–112. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Warren, James F. The Sulu Zone, 1768–1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State. Singapore: NUS Press, 1981.
Walzer, Michael. “The Civil Society Argument.” In The Citizenship Debates—A Reader, edited by Gershon Shafer, 305–307.Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
