Foreign and archaic phrases in legal texts
Issued Date: 9 Jul 2013
Abstract
This article deals with the occurrence of foreign words, phrases and maxims in legal texts. Unlike past studies, in which the focus has been on Latin in Anglo- American legal texts, the present study expands the borders, not only looking at Latin in European legal texts, but also at English in Russian and Ukrainian legal texts, and then beyond Europe (and common law countries) to the Middle East, where foreign words and phrases as well as Qur’anic Arabic may be found in legal texts of various Arab countries, in Persian legal texts, and Aramaic expressions in Israeli legal texts written in Hebrew. This phenomenon is discussed both from a historical point of view and a linguistic perspective in terms of syntactic integration and, primarily, in terms of code-switching and of borrowing.
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References
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Balteiro, I. and Angel Campos-Pardillos, M. (2010) A comparative study of Latinisms in court opinions in the United States and Spain. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 17(1): 95–118.
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Grice, H.P. (1968) Utterer’s meaning, sentence meaning, and word-meaning. Foundations of Language 4: 225–242.
Gumperz, J.J. (1982) Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Güriz, A. (2005) Sources of Turkish law. In Ansay, T. and Wallace, D. (eds.) Introduction to Turkish Law. The Hague: Kluwer Law International: 1–17.
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Macleod, P.R. (1997) Latin in legal writing: an inquiry into the use of Latin in the modern legal world. Boston College Law Review: 235–251.
Mahootian, S. (1996) Code-switching and universal constraints: evidence from Farsi/English. World Englishes 15(3): 377–384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1996.tb00124.x
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Mattila, H. (2013) Comparative Legal Linguistics, 2nd edn. Farnham: Ashgate.
Myers-Scotton, C. (2002) Contact Linguistics: Bilingual Encounters and Grammatical Outcomes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Poplack, S. (1980) Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics 18(7/8): 581–618.
Rady: Rady, L.M. (n.d) Al-no’dom al-bdelah lt’hqeq al-’adalah w al-rqabah ‘ala ‘amal al-idara (‘Alternative regulations in establishing justice and monitoring administrative functions’). Retrieved on 12 December 2010 from http://www.4shared.com/ document/dVZf01Vv.html. (in Arabic)
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Siklósi: Siklósi, I. (2005) A nemlétező szerződés jogdogmatikai kategóriaja és esetkörei a római jogban (‘The category and legal-dogmatic circles of non-existing contracts in Roman law’). Jogelméleti Szemle (Review of Legal Theory) 4. (in Hungarian)
Sperber, D. (1984) A Dictionary of Greek and Latin Legal Terms. Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University Press.
Tiersma, P. (1999) Legal Language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tóth: Tóth, J. (2004) Miért nem lehet, ha szabad? A többes állampolgárság a nemzetközi és az európai közösségi jog felől (‘Why isn’t it possible, if it is permitted? Multiple citizenship in the eyes of international and European community law’). Romániai Magyar Jogtudományi Közlöny (Hungarians in Romania Journal of Jurisprudence) 4: 5–14. Retrieved on 5 August 2012 from www.beszelo.c3.hu/03/10/03toth.htm. (in Hungarian)
Wythes: Wythes, A. (2010) Investor–state arbitrations: can the ‘Fair and Equitable Treatment’ clause consider international human rights obligations? Leiden Journal of International Law 23: 241–256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0922156509990409
Yustinian: Yustinian: Yuridichi zhurnal (Juridical Journal) (2010): 1. Retrieved on 22 September 2011from http://www.justinian.com.ua/article. php?id=3399. (in Ukrainian)
Altay, A. (2002) Difficulties encountered in the translation of legal texts: the case of Turkey. Translation Journal 6(4). Retrieved on 22 September 2011 from http://translationjournal.net/journal/22legal.htm).
Ansay, T. and Wallace, D. (eds.) (2005) Introduction to Turkish Law. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
Atiyah, P.S., Adams, J.N. and MacQueen, H.L. (2010) Sale of Goods, 12th edn. Harlow, UK: Pearson Higher Education.
Balteiro, I. and Angel Campos-Pardillos, M. (2010) A comparative study of Latinisms in court opinions in the United States and Spain. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 17(1): 95–118.
Black’s Law Dictionary (1990). 6th edn. Ed. J.R. Nolan and J.M. Nolan-Haley. St. Paul’s, MN: West Publishing.
Blackstone, W. (1765-1769) Commentaries on the Laws of England. Retrieved on 22 September 2011 from http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/blackstone/.
Brzozowski: Brzozowski, W. (2010) Współdziałanie władz publicznych (‘The interaction of public authorities’). Państwo i Prawo 2: 3-16. (in Polish)
Chomsky, N. (2000) The Architecture of Language. Ed. N. Mukherji, B. Narayan Patnaik and R. Kant Agnihotri. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
EIF: Encyclopædia Iuridica Fennica. Suomalainen lakimiesyhdistys 1994–1999. (in Finnish)
G&R: Grantham, R. and Rickett, C. (2008) A normative account of defences to restitutionary liability. Cambridge Law Journal 67(1): 92–125.
Garner, B.A. (1987) A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gölcüklü, F. and Şensoy, Ş.C. (2005) Criminal Law. In Ansay, T. and Wallace, D. (eds.) Introduction to Turkish Law. The Hague: Kluwer Law International: 165–182.
Goodrich, P. (1986) Historical aspects of legal interpretation. Indiana Law Journal 61: 331–354.
Greenberg, J.H. (ed.) (1963) Universals of Languages. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Grice, H.P. (1968) Utterer’s meaning, sentence meaning, and word-meaning. Foundations of Language 4: 225–242.
Gumperz, J.J. (1982) Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Güran, S. (2005) Administrative law. In Ansay, T. and Wallace, D. (eds.) Introduction to Turkish Law. The Hague: Kluwer Law International: 47–83.
Güriz, A. (2005) Sources of Turkish law. In Ansay, T. and Wallace, D. (eds.) Introduction to Turkish Law. The Hague: Kluwer Law International: 1–17.
Hayyim, S. (1968) A New Persian Dictionary. Teheran: Librairie Imprimerie Beroukhim.
Hill, E. (1977–1978) Comparative and historical study of modern Middle Eastern law. American Journal of Comparative Law 26: 279–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/839675
Jaskiernia: Jaskiernia, J. (2010) Współdziałanie prezydenta i rady ministrów w sferze polityki zagranicznej (‘The interaction of the president and council of ministers in foreign policy’). Państwo i Prawo 6: 3-18. Retrieved on 11 June 2012 from http://www.lex.pl/spis-tresci/-/spis/panstwo-i-prawo/2010/6.
Jensen: Jensen, D. (2010) Reigning in the constructive trust. Sydney Law Review 32: 87–112.
Khatib: Khatib, N. (2006) Al-wasiṭ fi al-nozom al-siyasiyah wlaqanon al-dostori (‘Lexicon of political systems and constitutional law’). Amman: Dar Al-thaqafah. (in Arabic)
Kurzon, D. (1997) Legal language: varieties, genres, registers, discourses. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 7(2): 119–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.1997.tb00111.x
Kurzon, D. (1987) Latin for lawyers: degrees of textual integration. Applied Linguistics 8(3): 233–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/8.3.233
Macleod, P.R. (1997) Latin in legal writing: an inquiry into the use of Latin in the modern legal world. Boston College Law Review: 235–251.
Mahootian, S. (1996) Code-switching and universal constraints: evidence from Farsi/English. World Englishes 15(3): 377–384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1996.tb00124.x
Marriage: A dissertation on ‘‘Ishkalat In’aqad w’inhlal al-zwaj watharh’ (‘Performing marriage and divorce and their consequences’). Retrieved on 10 January 2011 from http://www.mediafire.com/?wzmmcidgy5y.
Mattila, H. (2013) Comparative Legal Linguistics, 2nd edn. Farnham: Ashgate.
Myers-Scotton, C. (2002) Contact Linguistics: Bilingual Encounters and Grammatical Outcomes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Poplack, S. (1980) Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics 18(7/8): 581–618.
Rady: Rady, L.M. (n.d) Al-no’dom al-bdelah lt’hqeq al-’adalah w al-rqabah ‘ala ‘amal al-idara (‘Alternative regulations in establishing justice and monitoring administrative functions’). Retrieved on 12 December 2010 from http://www.4shared.com/ document/dVZf01Vv.html. (in Arabic)
Sen: Sen, A. (1991) Welfare, preference and freedom. Journal of Econometrics 50: 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(91)90087-T
Siklósi: Siklósi, I. (2005) A nemlétező szerződés jogdogmatikai kategóriaja és esetkörei a római jogban (‘The category and legal-dogmatic circles of non-existing contracts in Roman law’). Jogelméleti Szemle (Review of Legal Theory) 4. (in Hungarian)
Sperber, D. (1984) A Dictionary of Greek and Latin Legal Terms. Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University Press.
Tiersma, P. (1999) Legal Language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tóth: Tóth, J. (2004) Miért nem lehet, ha szabad? A többes állampolgárság a nemzetközi és az európai közösségi jog felől (‘Why isn’t it possible, if it is permitted? Multiple citizenship in the eyes of international and European community law’). Romániai Magyar Jogtudományi Közlöny (Hungarians in Romania Journal of Jurisprudence) 4: 5–14. Retrieved on 5 August 2012 from www.beszelo.c3.hu/03/10/03toth.htm. (in Hungarian)
Wythes: Wythes, A. (2010) Investor–state arbitrations: can the ‘Fair and Equitable Treatment’ clause consider international human rights obligations? Leiden Journal of International Law 23: 241–256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0922156509990409
Yustinian: Yustinian: Yuridichi zhurnal (Juridical Journal) (2010): 1. Retrieved on 22 September 2011from http://www.justinian.com.ua/article. php?id=3399. (in Ukrainian)
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