Jury instructions: comparing hearing and deaf jurors’ comprehension via direct or mediated communication
Issued Date: 14 Jun 2017
Abstract
This project investigated the capacity of deaf people using Australian Sign Language (Auslan) to serve as jurors. Following on from a pilot study with 6 deaf and 6 hearing people acting as ‘jurors’ (see Napier & Spencer, 2007, 2008), this project replicated the method of the earlier study, and compared the level of comprehension of 30 deaf jurors to a control group of 30 non-deaf (‘hearing’) jurors from three different major cities in Australia; in order to assess the ability for deaf jurors to comprehend jury instructions when mediated via a signed language interpreter, as compared to comprehension of hearing jurors receiving the instructions directly in spoken English. The methodology involved combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in the experimental design of a comprehension test with post-test interviews. The results showed that the pilot study findings were replicated, and that deaf and hearing people equally misunderstood content of jury instructions. The findings may have significant impact in pioneering law reform in Australia and internationally, by providing evidence for the fact that deaf people are not disadvantaged at having to access information via sign language interpreters, and therefore receiving mediated, as opposed to direct, access to courtroom discourse.
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PDF (Price: £17.50 )DOI: 10.1558/ijsll.30878
References
Angermeyer, P. S. (2005). Who is ‘you’? Polite forms of address and ambiguous participant roles in court interpreting. Target, 17(2), 203–226.
Angermeyer, P. S. (2009). Translation style and participation roles in court interpreting. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 13(1), 3–28.
Berk-Seligson, S. (1990). The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Brennan, M., & Brown, R. (1997). Equality before the law: Deaf people's access to justice. Durham, UK: Deaf Studies Research Unit, University of Durham.
Brunson, J. (2007). Your case will now be heard: Sign language interpreters as problematic accommodations in legal interactions. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 13 doi:10.1093/deafed/enm032.
Charrow, V. R., & Charrow, R. P. (1979a). Characteristics of the language of jury instruction. In J. E. Alatis & G. R. Tucker (Eds.), Language in public life (pp. 163-185). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Charrow, V. R., & Charrow, R. P. (1979b). Making legal language understandable: A psycholinguistic study of jury instructions. Colombia Law Review, 79, 1306-1374.
Conley, J., & O'Barr, W. (1998). Just words: Law, language and power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cooke, M. (2002). Indigenous Interpreting Issue for Courts. Australian Institute of Judicial Administration Incorporated: Australia. from http://www.aija.org.au/ac01/Cooke.pdf
Cotterill, J. (2000). Reading the rights: A cautionary tale of comprehension and comprehensibility. Forensic Linguistics, 7(1), 4-25.
Deaf Australia (2016). Deaf juror case goes to Canberra. Media release. Available: http://deafaustralia.org.au/media-release-deaf-juror-case-goes-to-canberra/. Accessed: 30 March 2016.
DPP. (2003). Jury selection. Available: http://www.odpp.nsw.gov.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/prosecution-guidelines.pdf?sfvrsn=2. Accessed: 8 May 2007.
Dumas, B. K. (2000). US pattern jury instructions: Problems and proposals. Forensic Linguistics, 7(1), 49-71.
Eades, D. (2003). Participation of second language and second dialect speakers in the legal system. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 23, 113-133.
Eades, D. (2010). Sociolinguistics and the legal process. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Eades, D. (2013). Aboriginal ways of using English. Canberra, ACT: Aboriginal Studies Press.
Elwork, A., Sales, B. D., & Alfini, J. J. (1982). Making jury instructions comprehensible. Charlottesville, VA: Michie.
Enright, S. (1999). The Deaf juror and the thirteenth man. New Law Journal (1720).
Farrell, M. (2011). Allowing deaf people to serve as jurors: An Irish perspective. Discrimination Law Association Briefings 42, 30-31.
Findlay, M. (2001). Juror comprehension and complexity: strategies to enhance understanding. British Journal of Criminology 41(1), 56-76.
Findlay, M. (2008). Juror comprehension and the hard case—Making forensic evidence simpler. International Journal of Law, Crime & Justice, 36, 15-53.
Foley, T. (2006). Lawyers and legal interpreters: Different clients, different culture. Interpreting, 8(1), 97-104.
Gallai, F. (2012). Legalising EU legal interpreters: A case for the NRPSI. The Interpreters' Newsletter, 17, 139-156.
Gallez, E. & Maryns, K. (2014). Orality and authenticity in an interpreter-mediated defendant’s examination: A case study from the Belgian Assize Court. Interpreting, 16(1), 49-80.
Gibbons, J. (2003). Forensic Linguistics: An Introduction to Language in the Justice System. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Goldflam, R. (1995). Silence in court! Problems and prospects in Aboriginal legal interpreting. In D. Eades (Ed.), Language in evidence: Issues confronting aboriginal and multicultural Australia (pp. 28-54). Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.
Hale, S. (2004). The discourse of court Interpreting: Discourse practices of the law, the witness and the interpreter. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hale, S. (2014). Interpreting culture: Dealing with cross-cultural issues in court interpreting. Perspectives, 22(3), 321-331.
Hale, S., Martschuk, N., Ozolins, U., & Stern, L. (in press). The effect of interpreting modes on witness credibility assessments. Interpreting, 19(1).
Hale, S., San Roque, M., Spencer, D. & Napier, J. (submitted). Deaf citizens as jurors in Australian courts: Participating via professional interpreters. International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law.
Hans, V. P., Kaye, D. H., Dann, B. M., Farley, E. J., & Albertson, S. (2007). Science in the jury box: Jurors' views and understanding of mitochondrial DNA evidence. Cornell Law Faculty Publications, Paper 82. Available: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/lsrp_papers/82. Accessed: 8 May 2016.
Hansen, S., Dirksen, R., Kuchler, M., Kunz, K., & Neumann, S. (2006). Comprehensible legal texts: Utopia or a question of wording? On processing rephrased German court decisions. Hermes, 36, 15-40.
Hertog E. (2001). (Ed.) Aequitas: Access to justice across language and culture in the EU. Research report. Antwerp: Lessius Hogeschool.
Hertog E. (ed.) (2003) Aequalitas: Access to justice across language and culture in the EU. Research report. Antwerp: Lessius Hogeschool.
Hertog E. (2010). Legal interpreting and translation in the EU: Justice, freedom and security through language. Available: http://www.eulita.eu/sites/default/files/Salamanca%20LIT%20in%20EU_0.pdf. Accessed 10 October 2010.
Hurley, L. (2016). U.S. chief justice uses sign language as deaf lawyers sworn in. Available: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-deaf-idUSKCN0XG2TH. Accessed: 7 May 2016.
Jacobsen, B. (2003). Pragmatics in court interpreting: Additions. In L. Brunette, G. Bastin, I. Hemlin & H. Clarke (Eds.), The Critical Link 3: Interpreters in the community (pp. 223 - 238). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Jacobsen, B. (2008). Interactional pragmatics and court interpreting: An analysis of face. Interpreting, 10(1), 128-158.
Kemmelmeier, M., Chavez, H. L., Vargas, J. H., & Hernandez, L. M. G. (2012). The bilingual jury: How language and ethnicity shape jury deliberation. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Rocky Mountain Psychological Association, April 2012.
Kermit, P., Mjøen, O. M., & Olsen, T. (2014). Safe in the hands of the interpreter? A qualitative study investigating the legal protection of Deaf people facing the criminal justice system in Norway. Disability Studies Quarterly. Available: http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/1714/1762. Accessed: 20 June 2014.
Kurlander, K. (2008). Walking the fine line. In P. Hauser, K. Finch & A. Hauser (Eds.), Deaf professionals and interpreters working together: A new paradigm (pp.106-130. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Lawyers Weekly (2011). Deaf lawyer makes history. Available: http://www.lawyersweekly.com.au/news/7898-deaf-lawyer-makes-history. Accessed: 7 May 2016.
Lee, J. (2013): A study of facework in interpreter-mediated courtroom examination. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, 21(1), 82-99.
Lee, J. (2015). Evaluation of court interpreting: A case study of metadiscourse in interpreter-mediated expert witness examinations. Interpreting, 17(2), 167–194.
Levi, J. N. (1993). Evaluating jury comprehension of Illinois Capital-Sentencing Instructions. American Speech, 68(1), 20-49.
LRCWA. (2009). Selection, eligibility and exemption of jurors: Discussion paper. Available: http://www.lrc.justice.wa.gov.au/P/project_99.aspx. Accessed: 19 April 2016.
Luginbuhl, J. (1992). Comprehension of a judge's instructions in the penalty phase of a capital trial. Law & Human Behaviour, 16, 203-218.
Mather, S., & Mather, R. (2003). Court interpreting for signing jurors: Just transmitting or interpreting? In C. Lucas (Ed.), Language and the law in deaf communities (pp. 60 - 81). Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
McNamara, T. (2000). Language Testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Miller, K. (2001). Access to sign language interpreters in the criminal justice system. American Annals of the Deaf, 146(4), 328-330.
Miller, K. (2003). Signs of prison life: Linguistic adaptations of deaf inmates. Journal of Interpretation, 129-142.
Miller, K. R., & Vernon, M. (2001). Linguistic diversity in Deaf defendants and due process rights. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 6(3), 226 - 234.
Montalvo, M. B. (2001). Interpreting for non-English speaking jurors: Analysis of a new and complex responsibility. Paper presented at the American Translators' Association conference, 2001.
Morgan, C. (2011). The new European directive on the rights to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings. In Braun, S. & J. L. Taylor (Eds.), Videoconference and remote interpreting in criminal proceedings (pp. 5-10). Guildford: University of Surrey.
Napier, J., (in preparation). Deaf people as jurors: A feasible feasibility? For Law & Society.
Napier, J., & McEwin, A. (2015). Do Deaf people have the right to serve as jurors in Australia? Alternative Law Journal, 23-27.
Napier, J.. McKee, R., & Goswell, D. (2010). Sign language interpreting: Theory and practice in Australia & New Zealand (2nd Ed.). Sydney: Federation Press.
Napier, J., & Russell, D. (submitted). Multiple perspectives on interpreting for deaf jurors: An ethnographic case study. Interpreting.
Napier, J. & Spencer, D. (2007). A sign of the times: Deaf jurors and the potential for pioneering law reform. Reform: A Journal of National and International Law Reform, 90, 35-37.
Napier, J. & Spencer, D. (2008). Guilty or not guilty? An investigation of deaf jurors’ access to court proceedings via sign language interpreting. In D. Russell & S. Hale (Eds.), Interpreting in legal settings (pp.71-122). Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Napier, J., Spencer, D., Hale, S., San Roque, M., Shearim, G., & Russell, D. (submitted). Can deaf people serve as jurors? A study of sign language interpreter mediated jury deliberations in Australia. Sign Language Studies.
Nartowska, K. (2016). The role of the court interpreter: A powerless or powerful participant in criminal proceedings? The Interpreters’ Newsletter, 20, 9-32.
NSWLRC. (2004). Blind or deaf jurors (Discussion paper No. 46). Sydney: New South Wales Law Reform Commission.
Olsson, J. (2004). Forensic linguistics: An introduction to language, crime and the law. London: Continuum.
Parry, R. G. (2007). An important obligation of citizenship’: language, citizenship and jury service. Legal Studies: The Journal of the Society of Legal Scholars, 27(2), 188-215.
Pravda, D. (2011). Understanding the rights of deaf and hard of hearing individuals to meaningful participation in court proceedings. Valparaiso University Law Review, 45(3), 927-965.
Reffell, H. & McKee, R. (2009). Motives and outcomes of New Zealand Sign Language legislation: A comparative study between New Zealand and Finland. Current Issues in Language Planning, 10, 272-292.
Roberson, L, Russell, D., & Shaw, R. (2011). American Sign Language/English interpreting in legal settings: Current practices in North America. Journal of Interpretation, 64-79.
Roberson, L, Russell, D., & Shaw, R. (2012). A case for training signed language interpreters for legal specialization. International Journal of Interpreter Education, 4(2), 52–73.
Russell, D. (2002). Interpreting in legal contexts: Consecutive and simultaneous interpretation. Burtonsville, MD: Sign Media.
Shuy, R. (2003). The language problems of minorities in the legal setting. In C. Lucas (Ed.), Language and the law in Deaf communities (pp. 1 - 20). Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Silas, D. (1993). Deaf jurors. New Law Journal (896).
Smith, A. E. & Haney, C. (2011). Getting to the point: Attempting to improve juror comprehension of capital penalty phase instructions. Law & Human Behavior, 35(5), 339-350.
Stanton, J. (2011). Breaking the sound barriers: How the Americans with Disabilities Act and technology have enabled deaf lawyers to succeed. Valparaiso University Law Review, 45(3), 1185-1245.
Steele, W. W., & Thornburg, E. G. (1988). Jury instructions: A persistent failure to communicate. North Carolina Law Review, 67, 77-119.
Thomas, C. (2010). Are juries fair? Unpublished research report: Ministry of Justice Research Series 1/10. Available: https://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/publications/research-and-analysis/moj-research/are-juries-fair-research.pdf. Accessed: 12 January 2016.
Tiersma, P. (1999). Legal language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Travaglia, S. (2005). Deaf person to serve on jury. Resource: The official newsletter of the Disability Resource Centre Auckland, 5.
Trimboli, J. (2008). Juror understanding of judicial instructions in criminal trials. Crime and Justice Bulletin: Contemporary issues in crime and justice, 119, 1-16.
United Nations (2016). Australia violated rights of deaf people over jury service – UN experts. Press release. Available: http://www.ohchr.org/FR/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=19877&LangID=E. Accessed 26 April 2016.
Tuck, B. (2010). Preserving facts, form and function when a deaf witness with minimal language skills testifies in court. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 158, 906-956.
Vernon, M. (2010). The horror of being Deaf and in prison. American Annals of the Deaf, 155(3), 311-321.
Vernon, M., & Miller, K. (2005). Obstacles faced by Deaf people in the criminal justice system. American Annals of the Deaf , 150(3), 283-291.
Wadensjö, Cecilia (1998). Interpreting as Interaction. London and New York, Addison Wesley Longman.
Weir, C. (2005). Language testing and validation: An evidence-based approach. London: Palgrave.
Angermeyer, P. S. (2009). Translation style and participation roles in court interpreting. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 13(1), 3–28.
Berk-Seligson, S. (1990). The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Brennan, M., & Brown, R. (1997). Equality before the law: Deaf people's access to justice. Durham, UK: Deaf Studies Research Unit, University of Durham.
Brunson, J. (2007). Your case will now be heard: Sign language interpreters as problematic accommodations in legal interactions. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 13 doi:10.1093/deafed/enm032.
Charrow, V. R., & Charrow, R. P. (1979a). Characteristics of the language of jury instruction. In J. E. Alatis & G. R. Tucker (Eds.), Language in public life (pp. 163-185). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Charrow, V. R., & Charrow, R. P. (1979b). Making legal language understandable: A psycholinguistic study of jury instructions. Colombia Law Review, 79, 1306-1374.
Conley, J., & O'Barr, W. (1998). Just words: Law, language and power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cooke, M. (2002). Indigenous Interpreting Issue for Courts. Australian Institute of Judicial Administration Incorporated: Australia. from http://www.aija.org.au/ac01/Cooke.pdf
Cotterill, J. (2000). Reading the rights: A cautionary tale of comprehension and comprehensibility. Forensic Linguistics, 7(1), 4-25.
Deaf Australia (2016). Deaf juror case goes to Canberra. Media release. Available: http://deafaustralia.org.au/media-release-deaf-juror-case-goes-to-canberra/. Accessed: 30 March 2016.
DPP. (2003). Jury selection. Available: http://www.odpp.nsw.gov.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/prosecution-guidelines.pdf?sfvrsn=2. Accessed: 8 May 2007.
Dumas, B. K. (2000). US pattern jury instructions: Problems and proposals. Forensic Linguistics, 7(1), 49-71.
Eades, D. (2003). Participation of second language and second dialect speakers in the legal system. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 23, 113-133.
Eades, D. (2010). Sociolinguistics and the legal process. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Eades, D. (2013). Aboriginal ways of using English. Canberra, ACT: Aboriginal Studies Press.
Elwork, A., Sales, B. D., & Alfini, J. J. (1982). Making jury instructions comprehensible. Charlottesville, VA: Michie.
Enright, S. (1999). The Deaf juror and the thirteenth man. New Law Journal (1720).
Farrell, M. (2011). Allowing deaf people to serve as jurors: An Irish perspective. Discrimination Law Association Briefings 42, 30-31.
Findlay, M. (2001). Juror comprehension and complexity: strategies to enhance understanding. British Journal of Criminology 41(1), 56-76.
Findlay, M. (2008). Juror comprehension and the hard case—Making forensic evidence simpler. International Journal of Law, Crime & Justice, 36, 15-53.
Foley, T. (2006). Lawyers and legal interpreters: Different clients, different culture. Interpreting, 8(1), 97-104.
Gallai, F. (2012). Legalising EU legal interpreters: A case for the NRPSI. The Interpreters' Newsletter, 17, 139-156.
Gallez, E. & Maryns, K. (2014). Orality and authenticity in an interpreter-mediated defendant’s examination: A case study from the Belgian Assize Court. Interpreting, 16(1), 49-80.
Gibbons, J. (2003). Forensic Linguistics: An Introduction to Language in the Justice System. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Goldflam, R. (1995). Silence in court! Problems and prospects in Aboriginal legal interpreting. In D. Eades (Ed.), Language in evidence: Issues confronting aboriginal and multicultural Australia (pp. 28-54). Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.
Hale, S. (2004). The discourse of court Interpreting: Discourse practices of the law, the witness and the interpreter. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hale, S. (2014). Interpreting culture: Dealing with cross-cultural issues in court interpreting. Perspectives, 22(3), 321-331.
Hale, S., Martschuk, N., Ozolins, U., & Stern, L. (in press). The effect of interpreting modes on witness credibility assessments. Interpreting, 19(1).
Hale, S., San Roque, M., Spencer, D. & Napier, J. (submitted). Deaf citizens as jurors in Australian courts: Participating via professional interpreters. International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law.
Hans, V. P., Kaye, D. H., Dann, B. M., Farley, E. J., & Albertson, S. (2007). Science in the jury box: Jurors' views and understanding of mitochondrial DNA evidence. Cornell Law Faculty Publications, Paper 82. Available: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/lsrp_papers/82. Accessed: 8 May 2016.
Hansen, S., Dirksen, R., Kuchler, M., Kunz, K., & Neumann, S. (2006). Comprehensible legal texts: Utopia or a question of wording? On processing rephrased German court decisions. Hermes, 36, 15-40.
Hertog E. (2001). (Ed.) Aequitas: Access to justice across language and culture in the EU. Research report. Antwerp: Lessius Hogeschool.
Hertog E. (ed.) (2003) Aequalitas: Access to justice across language and culture in the EU. Research report. Antwerp: Lessius Hogeschool.
Hertog E. (2010). Legal interpreting and translation in the EU: Justice, freedom and security through language. Available: http://www.eulita.eu/sites/default/files/Salamanca%20LIT%20in%20EU_0.pdf. Accessed 10 October 2010.
Hurley, L. (2016). U.S. chief justice uses sign language as deaf lawyers sworn in. Available: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-deaf-idUSKCN0XG2TH. Accessed: 7 May 2016.
Jacobsen, B. (2003). Pragmatics in court interpreting: Additions. In L. Brunette, G. Bastin, I. Hemlin & H. Clarke (Eds.), The Critical Link 3: Interpreters in the community (pp. 223 - 238). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Jacobsen, B. (2008). Interactional pragmatics and court interpreting: An analysis of face. Interpreting, 10(1), 128-158.
Kemmelmeier, M., Chavez, H. L., Vargas, J. H., & Hernandez, L. M. G. (2012). The bilingual jury: How language and ethnicity shape jury deliberation. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Rocky Mountain Psychological Association, April 2012.
Kermit, P., Mjøen, O. M., & Olsen, T. (2014). Safe in the hands of the interpreter? A qualitative study investigating the legal protection of Deaf people facing the criminal justice system in Norway. Disability Studies Quarterly. Available: http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/1714/1762. Accessed: 20 June 2014.
Kurlander, K. (2008). Walking the fine line. In P. Hauser, K. Finch & A. Hauser (Eds.), Deaf professionals and interpreters working together: A new paradigm (pp.106-130. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Lawyers Weekly (2011). Deaf lawyer makes history. Available: http://www.lawyersweekly.com.au/news/7898-deaf-lawyer-makes-history. Accessed: 7 May 2016.
Lee, J. (2013): A study of facework in interpreter-mediated courtroom examination. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, 21(1), 82-99.
Lee, J. (2015). Evaluation of court interpreting: A case study of metadiscourse in interpreter-mediated expert witness examinations. Interpreting, 17(2), 167–194.
Levi, J. N. (1993). Evaluating jury comprehension of Illinois Capital-Sentencing Instructions. American Speech, 68(1), 20-49.
LRCWA. (2009). Selection, eligibility and exemption of jurors: Discussion paper. Available: http://www.lrc.justice.wa.gov.au/P/project_99.aspx. Accessed: 19 April 2016.
Luginbuhl, J. (1992). Comprehension of a judge's instructions in the penalty phase of a capital trial. Law & Human Behaviour, 16, 203-218.
Mather, S., & Mather, R. (2003). Court interpreting for signing jurors: Just transmitting or interpreting? In C. Lucas (Ed.), Language and the law in deaf communities (pp. 60 - 81). Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
McNamara, T. (2000). Language Testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Miller, K. (2001). Access to sign language interpreters in the criminal justice system. American Annals of the Deaf, 146(4), 328-330.
Miller, K. (2003). Signs of prison life: Linguistic adaptations of deaf inmates. Journal of Interpretation, 129-142.
Miller, K. R., & Vernon, M. (2001). Linguistic diversity in Deaf defendants and due process rights. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 6(3), 226 - 234.
Montalvo, M. B. (2001). Interpreting for non-English speaking jurors: Analysis of a new and complex responsibility. Paper presented at the American Translators' Association conference, 2001.
Morgan, C. (2011). The new European directive on the rights to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings. In Braun, S. & J. L. Taylor (Eds.), Videoconference and remote interpreting in criminal proceedings (pp. 5-10). Guildford: University of Surrey.
Napier, J., (in preparation). Deaf people as jurors: A feasible feasibility? For Law & Society.
Napier, J., & McEwin, A. (2015). Do Deaf people have the right to serve as jurors in Australia? Alternative Law Journal, 23-27.
Napier, J.. McKee, R., & Goswell, D. (2010). Sign language interpreting: Theory and practice in Australia & New Zealand (2nd Ed.). Sydney: Federation Press.
Napier, J., & Russell, D. (submitted). Multiple perspectives on interpreting for deaf jurors: An ethnographic case study. Interpreting.
Napier, J. & Spencer, D. (2007). A sign of the times: Deaf jurors and the potential for pioneering law reform. Reform: A Journal of National and International Law Reform, 90, 35-37.
Napier, J. & Spencer, D. (2008). Guilty or not guilty? An investigation of deaf jurors’ access to court proceedings via sign language interpreting. In D. Russell & S. Hale (Eds.), Interpreting in legal settings (pp.71-122). Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Napier, J., Spencer, D., Hale, S., San Roque, M., Shearim, G., & Russell, D. (submitted). Can deaf people serve as jurors? A study of sign language interpreter mediated jury deliberations in Australia. Sign Language Studies.
Nartowska, K. (2016). The role of the court interpreter: A powerless or powerful participant in criminal proceedings? The Interpreters’ Newsletter, 20, 9-32.
NSWLRC. (2004). Blind or deaf jurors (Discussion paper No. 46). Sydney: New South Wales Law Reform Commission.
Olsson, J. (2004). Forensic linguistics: An introduction to language, crime and the law. London: Continuum.
Parry, R. G. (2007). An important obligation of citizenship’: language, citizenship and jury service. Legal Studies: The Journal of the Society of Legal Scholars, 27(2), 188-215.
Pravda, D. (2011). Understanding the rights of deaf and hard of hearing individuals to meaningful participation in court proceedings. Valparaiso University Law Review, 45(3), 927-965.
Reffell, H. & McKee, R. (2009). Motives and outcomes of New Zealand Sign Language legislation: A comparative study between New Zealand and Finland. Current Issues in Language Planning, 10, 272-292.
Roberson, L, Russell, D., & Shaw, R. (2011). American Sign Language/English interpreting in legal settings: Current practices in North America. Journal of Interpretation, 64-79.
Roberson, L, Russell, D., & Shaw, R. (2012). A case for training signed language interpreters for legal specialization. International Journal of Interpreter Education, 4(2), 52–73.
Russell, D. (2002). Interpreting in legal contexts: Consecutive and simultaneous interpretation. Burtonsville, MD: Sign Media.
Shuy, R. (2003). The language problems of minorities in the legal setting. In C. Lucas (Ed.), Language and the law in Deaf communities (pp. 1 - 20). Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Silas, D. (1993). Deaf jurors. New Law Journal (896).
Smith, A. E. & Haney, C. (2011). Getting to the point: Attempting to improve juror comprehension of capital penalty phase instructions. Law & Human Behavior, 35(5), 339-350.
Stanton, J. (2011). Breaking the sound barriers: How the Americans with Disabilities Act and technology have enabled deaf lawyers to succeed. Valparaiso University Law Review, 45(3), 1185-1245.
Steele, W. W., & Thornburg, E. G. (1988). Jury instructions: A persistent failure to communicate. North Carolina Law Review, 67, 77-119.
Thomas, C. (2010). Are juries fair? Unpublished research report: Ministry of Justice Research Series 1/10. Available: https://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/publications/research-and-analysis/moj-research/are-juries-fair-research.pdf. Accessed: 12 January 2016.
Tiersma, P. (1999). Legal language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Travaglia, S. (2005). Deaf person to serve on jury. Resource: The official newsletter of the Disability Resource Centre Auckland, 5.
Trimboli, J. (2008). Juror understanding of judicial instructions in criminal trials. Crime and Justice Bulletin: Contemporary issues in crime and justice, 119, 1-16.
United Nations (2016). Australia violated rights of deaf people over jury service – UN experts. Press release. Available: http://www.ohchr.org/FR/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=19877&LangID=E. Accessed 26 April 2016.
Tuck, B. (2010). Preserving facts, form and function when a deaf witness with minimal language skills testifies in court. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 158, 906-956.
Vernon, M. (2010). The horror of being Deaf and in prison. American Annals of the Deaf, 155(3), 311-321.
Vernon, M., & Miller, K. (2005). Obstacles faced by Deaf people in the criminal justice system. American Annals of the Deaf , 150(3), 283-291.
Wadensjö, Cecilia (1998). Interpreting as Interaction. London and New York, Addison Wesley Longman.
Weir, C. (2005). Language testing and validation: An evidence-based approach. London: Palgrave.
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