Cowboys and Bohemians: Recreation, Resistance, and the Tramping Movement in West Bohemia
Issued Date: 23 Sep 2014
Abstract
In this paper we examine a prominent but little studied aspect of everyday life in Central Europe, the Czech tramping movement. We aim to show how workers and students from Czech industrial towns and cities created and sustained imaginary rural spaces and flamboyant alternative personas. In some cases these shared fantasy worlds were understood to be a simple leisure pursuit. In other instances tramping activity was a form of resistance and provided a means of escape from the monotony of everyday life, and political repression by the Communist authorities.
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DOI: 10.1558/jca.v1i1.165
References
Altman, K. 2003a. “Jak Někteří Trampují” (How Some Like Tramping). In Rajče Na Útěku, Kapitoly O Kultuře A Folkloru Dnešních Dětí A Mládeže S Ukázkami. Brno, Etnologický Ústav Akademie Věd České Republiky/Ethnological Institute Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 257–287.
Altman, K. 2003b. “Trampové a Moc: K Problematice Postavení Trampského Hnutí ve Společnosti od Počátku Dvacátých let do Současnosti” (Tramps and Power: The Problem of the Tramp Movement in Society from the Beginning in the 1920s to the Present), Český Lid/Ethnological Journal 87: 223–237.
Baden-Powell, R. 1908. Scouting for Boys: A Handbook for Instruction in Good Citizenship. London: C. Arthur Pearson Ltd.
Binford, L. R. 1978. Nunamuit Ethnoarchaeology. New York, Academic Press.
Binford, L. R. 1983. In Pursuit of the Past: Decoding the Archaeological Record. London: Thames & Hudson.
Boas, F. 1966. Kwakiutl Ethnography. Edited by H. Codere. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Bonnichsen, R. 1973. “Millie’s Camp: An Experiment in Archaeology.” World Archaeology 4(3): 277–291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1973.9979539
Brčko–Dočkal, Z. 1991. “Údolia Nestíchli. Dejiny Trampingu Na Slovensku” (The Valleys Have Not Hushed: A History of Tramping in Slovakia). Bratislava: Tramp Club Bratislava:
Bren, P. 2002. “Weekend Getaways: The Chata, the Tramp and the Politics of Private Life in Post-1968 Czechoslovakia.” In Socialist Spaces: Sites of Everyday Life in the Eastern Bloc, edited by D. Crowley and S. E. Reid, 123–140. Oxford: Berg.
Carlson, M. 2002. “Germans Playing Indian.” In Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections, edited by C. Calloway, G. Gemünden and S. Zantop, 213–216. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Cocroft, W. D. and R. J. C. Thomas. 2003. Cold War: Building for Nuclear Confrontation, 1946–1989. London: English Heritage.
Cocroft, W. D., D. Devlin, J. Schofield and R. J. C. Thomas. 2006. War Art: Murals and Graffiti- Military Life, Power, and Subversion. York, UK: Council for British Archaeology.
Codere, H. 1956. “The Amiable Side of Kwakiutl Life: The Potlatch and the Play Potlatch.” American Anthropologist 28: 334–351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1956.58.2.02a00090
Čtverák, V., M. Lutovský, M. Slabina and L. Smejtek. 2003. Encyklopedie Hradišt’ v Čechách (Encyclopaedia of Hillforts in Bohemia). Prague: Libri.
Deloria, P. 1998. Playing Indians. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dolínek, V., K. Karlický and P. Vácha. 1995. České Zbraně A Střelivo: Tradice A Současnost (Czech Weapons and Ammunition: Traditional and Present). Prague: Radix.
Drucker, P. and R. F. Heizer. 1967. To Make My Name Good: A Re-examination of the Southern Kwakiutl Potlatch. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Falk, B. J. 2011. “Resistance and Dissent in Central and Eastern Europe: An Emerging Historiography.” East European Politics and Societies 25: 318–360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325410388408
Fowles, S. and K. Heupel. 2013. “Absence.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Contemporary World, edited by P. Graves-Brown, R. Harrison and A. Piccini, 178–191. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gould, R. A., ed. 1978. Explorations in Ethnoarchaeology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Gould, R. A. 1980. Living Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Grinnell, G. B. 1922. “The Medicine Wheel.” American Anthropologist 24(3): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1922.24.3.02a00020
Hall, M. 1999. “Subaltern voices? Finding the Spaces Between Things and Worlds.” In Historical Archaeology: Back from the Edge, edited by P. P. A. Funari, M. Hall and S. Jones, 193–203. One World Archaeology 31. London: Routledge.
Harrison, R. 2011. “Surface Assemblages: Towards an Archaeology in and of the Present.” Archaeological Dialogues 18(2): 141–196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1380203811000195
Hertlová, M. 2011. “Nekopejte Do Nás, Nejsme Ještě Mrtví. Vztah Trampingu k Přírodnímu Prostoru Skrze Ritualizované Jednání.” Diplomová Práce (MA Diploma). Katedra Antropologie, Fakulta Filozofická Západočeské Univerzity v Plzni/Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of West Bohemia. Plzeň.
Hurikán, B. 1990. Dějiny Trampingu (A History of Tramping), Second edition. Prague: Novinář.
Interview 27.3 2011. Non-structured interview with Alberta members on the 27th of March 2011. Interview by M. Hertlová. Transcription deposited in the Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of West Bohemia. Plzeň/Pilsen.
Interview 13.12. 2012. Non-structured interview with the Kachní Údolí/Duck Valley member Vlčák on the 13th of December 2012. Interview by Author. Transcription deposited in the Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of West Bohemia. Plzeň/Pilsen.
Interview 22.4. 2013. Non-structured interview with Alberta member Vykuk on the 22nd of April 2013. Interview by Z. Schejbalová and Author. Transcription deposited in the Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of West Bohemia: Plzeň/Pilsen.
Jehlička, P. 2008. “Indians of Bohemia: The Spell of Woodcraft on Czech Society 1912–2006.” In Sport, Ethnie, Nation: Zur Geschichte und Soziologie des Sports in Nationalitatenkoflikten und bei Minoritaten, edited by D. Blecking and M. Waic, 112–130. Baltmannsweiler: Schnieder Verlag Hohengehren.
Jehlička, P. and M. Kurtz. 2013. “Everyday Resistance in the Czech Landscape: The Woodcraft Culture from the Hapsburg Empire to the Communist Regime.” East European Politics & Societies 27(2): 308–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325413483550
Johnson, W. G. 2002. “Archaeological Examination of Cold War Architecture: A Reactionary Cultural response to the Threat of Nuclear War.” In Matériel Culture: The Archaeology of Twentieth Century Conflict, edited by J. Schofield, W. G. Johnson, and C. M. Beck, 227–235. London: Routledge.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203165744_chapter_20
Kašák, V., ed. 2009. Počátky Trampingu Na Kačáku (The Beginning of Tramping in Kačák). Oddělení Aktivit V Přírodě Pedagogické Fakulty Univerzity Jana Evengelisty Purkyně: Ústí Nad Labem.
Kehoe, A. B. 1990. “Primal Gaia: Primitivism and Plastic Medicine Men.” In The Invented Indian, edited by J. A. Clifton, 193–209. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Knížák, M. 2011 “Weekendová Utopie: Fenomén Trampingu V Čechách” (The Weekend Utopia: The Phenomenon of the Tramping Movement in Bohemia). In Volný Čas: Utopie Na Hranicích (Spare Time: Utopias on the Verge of Commonness), 25–57. Prague: Národní Galerie v Praze/National Gallery Prague.
Kramer, C., ed. 1979. Ethnoarchaeology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Kronika Osady Kachní Údolí/Duck Valley Osada Chronicle. 10. 6. 1963 – 7. 3. 2012. Author Vlčák (Wolf-dog). Deposited by the author in the Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of West Bohemia. Plzeň/Pilsen.
Krško, J. 2008. Meziválečný Tramping na Rakovnicku (Tramping in the Rakovník Region Between the First and the Second World War). SOA v Praze - SOA Rakovník. Prague: Rakovník.
Lutz, H. 2002. “German Indianthusiasm: A Socially Constructed German National(ist) Myth.” In Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections, edited by C. Calloway, G. Gemünden and S. Zantop, 167–184. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Noha, R. 2007. Odlesky Táborových Ohňů (Reflections of Campfires). Regionální Muzeum v Jílovém u Prahy: Jílové u Prahy.
Pohunek, J. 2011 Kultura Trampů (The Culture of Czech Tramps). In Folklór atomového věku. Kolektivně sdílené prvky expresivní kultury v soudobé České společnosti (Folklore as a Social Product. Subcultures and Small Social Groups as Settings for the Transmission of Contemporary Folklore, edited by P. Janeček, 65–88. Prague: Národní Muzeum, and Fakulta Humanitních Studií Univerzity Karlovy.
Představujeme útvary AČR, n.d. http://armada.vojenstvi.cz/povalecna/utvary/index.htm
Robb, J. G. 1998. “The ‘ritual landscape’ concept in archaeology: a heritage construction.” Landscape Research 23(2): 159–174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426399808706533
Schofield, J. 2000. “Never Mind the Relevance: Popular Culture for Archaeologists.” In Matter, Materiality and Modern Culture, edited by P. Graves-Brown, 131–154. London: Routledge.
Schofield, J. 2009 Peace Site: An Archaeology of Protest at Greenham Common. British Archaeology 104, 44–49.
Schofield, J. and W. Cocroft, eds. 2007. A Fearsome Heritage: Diverse Legacies of the Cold War. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
Schofield, J., C. Beck and H. Drollinger. 2009. “Archaeologists, Activists, and a Contemporary Peace Camp.” In Contemporary Archaeologies: Excavating Now, edited by C. Holtorf and A. Piccini, 95–112. Berne: Peter Lang.
Schofield, J. and R. Kiddey. 2011. “Embrace the Margins: Adventures in Archaeology and Homelessness.” Public Archaeology 10(1): 4–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175355311X12991501673140
Scott, J. C. 1990. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Svojsík, F. B. 1912. Skauting pro Chlapce (Scouting for Boys). Prague.
Vařeka, P. and J. Symonds. 2013. Jezerce—Kachní Údolí /Duck Valley (Distr. of Stříbro). Excavation Report. Deposited in the Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of West Bohemia. Plzeň/Pilsen.
Vaše dotazy n.d. http://vojenstvi.cz/vasedotazy_95.htm
Vinklát, P. D. 2004. Kronika Trampingu v Jizerských Horách, 1934–2004 (A Chronicle of Tramping in the Jizerské Mountains, 1934–2004). Liberec: Knihy 555.
Waic, M. and J. Kössl. 1992. Český Tramping 1918–1945 (Czech Tramping 1918–1945). Prague: Liberec.
White, C. L. 2013. “The Burning Man Festival and the Archaeology of Ephemeral and Temporary Gatherings.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Contemporary World, edited by P. Graves-Brown, R. Harrison and A. Piccini, 595–609. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zapletalová, V. 2009. Chatařství (Summerhouses). Brno: Era.
Zimmerman, L. J. 2013. “Homelessness.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Contemporary World, edited by P. Graves-Brown, R. Harrison and A. Piccini, 336–350. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zimmerman, L. J., C. Singleton and J. Welch. 2010. “Activism and Creating a Transnational Archaeology of Homelessness.” World Archaeology 42(3): 443–454.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2010.497400
Zimmerman, L. J. and J. Welch. 2011. “Displaced and Barely Visible: Archaeology and the Material Culture of Homelessness.” Historical Archaeology 45(1): 67–85.
Altman, K. 2003b. “Trampové a Moc: K Problematice Postavení Trampského Hnutí ve Společnosti od Počátku Dvacátých let do Současnosti” (Tramps and Power: The Problem of the Tramp Movement in Society from the Beginning in the 1920s to the Present), Český Lid/Ethnological Journal 87: 223–237.
Baden-Powell, R. 1908. Scouting for Boys: A Handbook for Instruction in Good Citizenship. London: C. Arthur Pearson Ltd.
Binford, L. R. 1978. Nunamuit Ethnoarchaeology. New York, Academic Press.
Binford, L. R. 1983. In Pursuit of the Past: Decoding the Archaeological Record. London: Thames & Hudson.
Boas, F. 1966. Kwakiutl Ethnography. Edited by H. Codere. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Bonnichsen, R. 1973. “Millie’s Camp: An Experiment in Archaeology.” World Archaeology 4(3): 277–291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1973.9979539
Brčko–Dočkal, Z. 1991. “Údolia Nestíchli. Dejiny Trampingu Na Slovensku” (The Valleys Have Not Hushed: A History of Tramping in Slovakia). Bratislava: Tramp Club Bratislava:
Bren, P. 2002. “Weekend Getaways: The Chata, the Tramp and the Politics of Private Life in Post-1968 Czechoslovakia.” In Socialist Spaces: Sites of Everyday Life in the Eastern Bloc, edited by D. Crowley and S. E. Reid, 123–140. Oxford: Berg.
Carlson, M. 2002. “Germans Playing Indian.” In Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections, edited by C. Calloway, G. Gemünden and S. Zantop, 213–216. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Cocroft, W. D. and R. J. C. Thomas. 2003. Cold War: Building for Nuclear Confrontation, 1946–1989. London: English Heritage.
Cocroft, W. D., D. Devlin, J. Schofield and R. J. C. Thomas. 2006. War Art: Murals and Graffiti- Military Life, Power, and Subversion. York, UK: Council for British Archaeology.
Codere, H. 1956. “The Amiable Side of Kwakiutl Life: The Potlatch and the Play Potlatch.” American Anthropologist 28: 334–351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1956.58.2.02a00090
Čtverák, V., M. Lutovský, M. Slabina and L. Smejtek. 2003. Encyklopedie Hradišt’ v Čechách (Encyclopaedia of Hillforts in Bohemia). Prague: Libri.
Deloria, P. 1998. Playing Indians. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dolínek, V., K. Karlický and P. Vácha. 1995. České Zbraně A Střelivo: Tradice A Současnost (Czech Weapons and Ammunition: Traditional and Present). Prague: Radix.
Drucker, P. and R. F. Heizer. 1967. To Make My Name Good: A Re-examination of the Southern Kwakiutl Potlatch. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Falk, B. J. 2011. “Resistance and Dissent in Central and Eastern Europe: An Emerging Historiography.” East European Politics and Societies 25: 318–360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325410388408
Fowles, S. and K. Heupel. 2013. “Absence.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Contemporary World, edited by P. Graves-Brown, R. Harrison and A. Piccini, 178–191. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gould, R. A., ed. 1978. Explorations in Ethnoarchaeology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Gould, R. A. 1980. Living Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Grinnell, G. B. 1922. “The Medicine Wheel.” American Anthropologist 24(3): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1922.24.3.02a00020
Hall, M. 1999. “Subaltern voices? Finding the Spaces Between Things and Worlds.” In Historical Archaeology: Back from the Edge, edited by P. P. A. Funari, M. Hall and S. Jones, 193–203. One World Archaeology 31. London: Routledge.
Harrison, R. 2011. “Surface Assemblages: Towards an Archaeology in and of the Present.” Archaeological Dialogues 18(2): 141–196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1380203811000195
Hertlová, M. 2011. “Nekopejte Do Nás, Nejsme Ještě Mrtví. Vztah Trampingu k Přírodnímu Prostoru Skrze Ritualizované Jednání.” Diplomová Práce (MA Diploma). Katedra Antropologie, Fakulta Filozofická Západočeské Univerzity v Plzni/Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of West Bohemia. Plzeň.
Hurikán, B. 1990. Dějiny Trampingu (A History of Tramping), Second edition. Prague: Novinář.
Interview 27.3 2011. Non-structured interview with Alberta members on the 27th of March 2011. Interview by M. Hertlová. Transcription deposited in the Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of West Bohemia. Plzeň/Pilsen.
Interview 13.12. 2012. Non-structured interview with the Kachní Údolí/Duck Valley member Vlčák on the 13th of December 2012. Interview by Author. Transcription deposited in the Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of West Bohemia. Plzeň/Pilsen.
Interview 22.4. 2013. Non-structured interview with Alberta member Vykuk on the 22nd of April 2013. Interview by Z. Schejbalová and Author. Transcription deposited in the Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of West Bohemia: Plzeň/Pilsen.
Jehlička, P. 2008. “Indians of Bohemia: The Spell of Woodcraft on Czech Society 1912–2006.” In Sport, Ethnie, Nation: Zur Geschichte und Soziologie des Sports in Nationalitatenkoflikten und bei Minoritaten, edited by D. Blecking and M. Waic, 112–130. Baltmannsweiler: Schnieder Verlag Hohengehren.
Jehlička, P. and M. Kurtz. 2013. “Everyday Resistance in the Czech Landscape: The Woodcraft Culture from the Hapsburg Empire to the Communist Regime.” East European Politics & Societies 27(2): 308–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325413483550
Johnson, W. G. 2002. “Archaeological Examination of Cold War Architecture: A Reactionary Cultural response to the Threat of Nuclear War.” In Matériel Culture: The Archaeology of Twentieth Century Conflict, edited by J. Schofield, W. G. Johnson, and C. M. Beck, 227–235. London: Routledge.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203165744_chapter_20
Kašák, V., ed. 2009. Počátky Trampingu Na Kačáku (The Beginning of Tramping in Kačák). Oddělení Aktivit V Přírodě Pedagogické Fakulty Univerzity Jana Evengelisty Purkyně: Ústí Nad Labem.
Kehoe, A. B. 1990. “Primal Gaia: Primitivism and Plastic Medicine Men.” In The Invented Indian, edited by J. A. Clifton, 193–209. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Knížák, M. 2011 “Weekendová Utopie: Fenomén Trampingu V Čechách” (The Weekend Utopia: The Phenomenon of the Tramping Movement in Bohemia). In Volný Čas: Utopie Na Hranicích (Spare Time: Utopias on the Verge of Commonness), 25–57. Prague: Národní Galerie v Praze/National Gallery Prague.
Kramer, C., ed. 1979. Ethnoarchaeology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Kronika Osady Kachní Údolí/Duck Valley Osada Chronicle. 10. 6. 1963 – 7. 3. 2012. Author Vlčák (Wolf-dog). Deposited by the author in the Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of West Bohemia. Plzeň/Pilsen.
Krško, J. 2008. Meziválečný Tramping na Rakovnicku (Tramping in the Rakovník Region Between the First and the Second World War). SOA v Praze - SOA Rakovník. Prague: Rakovník.
Lutz, H. 2002. “German Indianthusiasm: A Socially Constructed German National(ist) Myth.” In Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections, edited by C. Calloway, G. Gemünden and S. Zantop, 167–184. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Noha, R. 2007. Odlesky Táborových Ohňů (Reflections of Campfires). Regionální Muzeum v Jílovém u Prahy: Jílové u Prahy.
Pohunek, J. 2011 Kultura Trampů (The Culture of Czech Tramps). In Folklór atomového věku. Kolektivně sdílené prvky expresivní kultury v soudobé České společnosti (Folklore as a Social Product. Subcultures and Small Social Groups as Settings for the Transmission of Contemporary Folklore, edited by P. Janeček, 65–88. Prague: Národní Muzeum, and Fakulta Humanitních Studií Univerzity Karlovy.
Představujeme útvary AČR, n.d. http://armada.vojenstvi.cz/povalecna/utvary/index.htm
Robb, J. G. 1998. “The ‘ritual landscape’ concept in archaeology: a heritage construction.” Landscape Research 23(2): 159–174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426399808706533
Schofield, J. 2000. “Never Mind the Relevance: Popular Culture for Archaeologists.” In Matter, Materiality and Modern Culture, edited by P. Graves-Brown, 131–154. London: Routledge.
Schofield, J. 2009 Peace Site: An Archaeology of Protest at Greenham Common. British Archaeology 104, 44–49.
Schofield, J. and W. Cocroft, eds. 2007. A Fearsome Heritage: Diverse Legacies of the Cold War. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
Schofield, J., C. Beck and H. Drollinger. 2009. “Archaeologists, Activists, and a Contemporary Peace Camp.” In Contemporary Archaeologies: Excavating Now, edited by C. Holtorf and A. Piccini, 95–112. Berne: Peter Lang.
Schofield, J. and R. Kiddey. 2011. “Embrace the Margins: Adventures in Archaeology and Homelessness.” Public Archaeology 10(1): 4–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175355311X12991501673140
Scott, J. C. 1990. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Svojsík, F. B. 1912. Skauting pro Chlapce (Scouting for Boys). Prague.
Vařeka, P. and J. Symonds. 2013. Jezerce—Kachní Údolí /Duck Valley (Distr. of Stříbro). Excavation Report. Deposited in the Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of West Bohemia. Plzeň/Pilsen.
Vaše dotazy n.d. http://vojenstvi.cz/vasedotazy_95.htm
Vinklát, P. D. 2004. Kronika Trampingu v Jizerských Horách, 1934–2004 (A Chronicle of Tramping in the Jizerské Mountains, 1934–2004). Liberec: Knihy 555.
Waic, M. and J. Kössl. 1992. Český Tramping 1918–1945 (Czech Tramping 1918–1945). Prague: Liberec.
White, C. L. 2013. “The Burning Man Festival and the Archaeology of Ephemeral and Temporary Gatherings.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Contemporary World, edited by P. Graves-Brown, R. Harrison and A. Piccini, 595–609. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zapletalová, V. 2009. Chatařství (Summerhouses). Brno: Era.
Zimmerman, L. J. 2013. “Homelessness.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Contemporary World, edited by P. Graves-Brown, R. Harrison and A. Piccini, 336–350. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zimmerman, L. J., C. Singleton and J. Welch. 2010. “Activism and Creating a Transnational Archaeology of Homelessness.” World Archaeology 42(3): 443–454.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2010.497400
Zimmerman, L. J. and J. Welch. 2011. “Displaced and Barely Visible: Archaeology and the Material Culture of Homelessness.” Historical Archaeology 45(1): 67–85.
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