Looking to speak: On the temporality of misalignment in interaction involving an augmented communicator using eye-gaze technology
Issued Date: 20 Jun 2013
Abstract
This study investigates the different temporal orders that manifest in interactions involving a participant using an Augmentative Alternative Communications (AAC) device. Studies examining the use of AAC devices have regularly incorporated a particular understanding of temporality by using time as a measuring device to compare inter- and intra-individual action. In this paper we present an alternative perspective on time-in-interaction by showing how participants attend to time by examining their interactive behavior. Here, time is conceived in terms of how participants experience the duration and unfolding of a particular utterance. Through a close analysis of an interaction between a man with late-stage ALS and his wife, this paper shows how different orientations to time can underpin breakdowns of intersubjectivity. The analysis traces elements of this temporal disconnect to a variety of sources including the normative temporal expectations for the production of utterances through mouth-speech and the functioning of the device itself. The temporal misalignment leads to slippages in the participants’ orientation to the sequential relevance of utterances and utterance parts that leads to misunderstanding.
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References
Bergson, H. (1913). Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness. London: George Allen & Co.
Beukelman, D. R. and Mirenda, P. (2005). Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Supporting Children and Adults with Complex Communication Needs. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.
Black, S. P. (2008). Creativity and learning jazz: The practice of ‘listening’. Mind, Culture, and Activity 15 (4): 279–295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10749030802391039
Clark, H. H. (1996). Using Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620539
Clarke, M. and Wilkinson, R. (2007). Interaction between children with cerebral palsy and their peers 1: Organizing and understanding VOCA use. Augmentative and Alternative Communication 23 (4): 336–348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07434610701390350
Clarke, M. and Wilkinson, R. (2008). Interaction between children with cerebral palsy and their peers 2: Understanding initiated VOCA mediated turns. Augmentative and Alternative Communication 24 (1): 3–15.
Clarke, M. and Wilkinson, R. (2010) Communication aid use in children's conversation: Time, timing, and speaker transfer. In H. Gardner and M. Forrester (eds) Analysing Interaction in Childhood: Insights from Conversation Analysis, 249–266. London: Wiley.
Clarke, M. (2005). Conversational interaction between children using communication aids and their peers. Department of Human Communication Science, Ph.D. Thesis, University College London, London.
Duranti, A. (2009). The relevance of Husserl’s theory to language socialization. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 19 (2): 205–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1395.2009.01031.x
Duranti, A. (2010). Husserl, intersubjectivity and anthropology. Anthropological Theory 10 (1–2): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499610370517
Engelke, C. R. (in submission). Multi-modal and inter-modal communication in rapid prompting method mediated interaction.
Engelke, C. R. and Mangano, D. (2007). Using the world: Phenomenology and semiotic practice in interactions with children with severe autism: The American Association of Applied Linguistics-Annual Meeting. Costa Mesa, CA.
Engelke, C. R. and Mangano, D. (2008). Temporal cues: What children with severe autism can teach us about the organization of intersubjectivity. SALSA. University of Texas-Austin.
Gadamer, H. G. (2004 [1975]). Truth and method. London and New York: Continuum.
Goodwin, C. (1979). The interactive construction of a sentence in natural conversation. In G. Psathas (ed.) Everyday Language, 97–121. New York: Halsted Press.
Goodwin, C. (1980). Restarts, pauses, and the achievement of a state of mutual gaze at turn-beginning. Sociological Inquiry 50 (3–4): 272–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00023.x
Goodwin, C. (2003). Conversational frameworks for the accomplishment of meaning in aphasia. In C. Goodwin (ed.) Conversation and Brain Damage, 90-116. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Goodwin, C. (2004). A competent speaker who can't speak: The social life of aphasia. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 14 (2): 151–170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlin.2004.14.2.151
Goodwin, C. (2006). Human sociality as mutual orientation in a rich interactive environment: Multimodal utterances and pointing in aphasia. In N. J. Enfield, and S. C. Levinson (eds) Roots of Human Sociality: Culture, Cognition, and Interaction, 97–125. Oxford: Berg.
Goodwin, C. (2010). Building action in public environments with diverse semiotic resources. Versus (Special Issue ‘The External Mind: Perspectives on Semiosis, Distribution and Situation in Cognition’ edited by Roccardo Fusaroli, Tommaso Granelli, and Claudio Paolucci), 112–113, 165–178.
Goodwin, C. (2011). Contextures of action. In J. Streeck, C. Goodwin and C. D. LeBaron (eds) Embodied Interaction: Language and the Body in the Material World, 182–193. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goodwin, C. and Goodwin, M. H. (1987). Concurrent operations on talk: Notes on the interactive organization of assessments. IPRA Papers in Pragmatics 1: 1–54.
Goodwin, C., Goodwin, M. H. and Olsher, D. (2002). Producing sense with nonsense syllables: Turn and sequence in conversations with a man with severe aphasia. In C. E. Ford, B. A. Fox and S. A. Thompson (eds) The Language of Turn and Sequence, 56–80. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Heeschen, C. and Schegloff, E. A. (1999). Agrammatism, adaptation theory, conversation analysis: On the role of so-called telegraphic style in talk-in-interaction. Aphasiology 13 (3–4): 365–405.
Heritage, J. (1984). Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Higginbotham, D. J. and Engelke, C. R. (in press). A primer for doing talk-in-interaction research in augmentative and alternative communication. Augmentative and Alternative Communication.
Higginbotham, J. D. and Wilkins, D. P. (1999). Slipping through the timestream: Social issues of time and timing in augmented interactions. In D. Kovarsky, J. Duchan and M. Maxwell (eds) Constructing (In)competence: Disabling Evaluations in Clinical and Social Interaction, 49–82. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hill, K. and Romich, B. (2002). A rate index for augmentative and alternative communication. International Journal of Speech Technology 5 (1): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013638916623
Husserl, E. (1964). The Phenomenology of Internal Time-consciousness. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Husserl, E. (1970). Logical Investigations. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; Humanities Press.
Husserl, E. (1989). Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy. Second book: Studies in the Phenomenology of Constitution. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2233-4
Husserl, E. (1991). On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time (1893–1917). Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3718-8
Husserl, E. (2001). Analyses Concerning Passive and Active Synthesis: Lectures on Transcendental Logic. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
James, W. (2010 [1890]). The Principles of Psychology. Lawrence, KS: Digireads.com Publishing.
Jefferson, G. (1984). Notes on some orderlinesses of overlap onset. In V. D’Urso, and P. Leonardi (eds) Discourse Analysis and Natural Rhetorics, 11-38. Padova: CLEUP.
Jefferson, G. (1986). Notes on ‘latency’ in overlap onset. Human Studies 9 (2/3): 153–183.
Kraat, A. W. (1985). Communication Interaction between Aided and Natural Speakers: A State of the Art Report. International Commission on Technical Aids, Building, and Transportation.
Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lou, F. (2007). Personal narrative telling by individuals with all who use AAC devices. Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, Ph.D. Thesis. State University of New York at Buffalo, New York.
Lou, F., Bardach, L., Cornish, J. and Higginbotham, D. J. (2008). Personal narrative telling of AAC users with ALS. Poster presented at the Annual convention of the American Speech-Language and Hearing Association. Philadelphia, PA.
Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of Perception. London: Routledge.
Pomerantz, A. M. (1984). Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: Some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes. In J. M. Atkinson and J. Heritage (eds) Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis, 57–101. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Raymond, G. (2003). Grammar and social organization: Yes/no interrogatives and the structure of responding. American Sociological Review 68 (6): 939–967. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1519752
Roberts, F., Margutti, P. and Takano, S. (2011). Judgments concerning the valence of inter-turn silence across speakers of American English, Italian, and Japanese. Discourse Processes 48 (5): 331–354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2011.558002
Robillard, A. B. (1999). Meaning of a Disability: The Lived Experience of Paralysis. Philadelphia, IL: Temple University Press.
Robillard, A. B. (2006). Paralysis. In G. L. Albrecht (ed.) Encyclopedia of Disability, 1197–1201. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A. and Jefferson, G. (1974) A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language 50 (4): 696–753. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/412243
Schegloff, E. A. (1992). Repair after next turn: The last structurally provided defense of intersubjectivity in conversation. American Journal of Sociology 97 (5): 1295–1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/229903
Schegloff, E. A. (2007). Sequence Organization in Interaction: A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791208
Schegloff, E. A., Jefferson, G., and Sacks, H. (1977). The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation. Language 53 (2): 361–382.
Schutz, A. (1971 [1964]). Making music together: A study in social relationship. In A. Brodersen (ed.) Collected Papers, Vol. 2, 159-179. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Schutz, A. (1972 [1932]). The Phenomenology of the Social World. London: Heinemann Educational.
Smith, L. E., Higginbotham, D. J., Lesher, G. W., Moulton, B. M. and Mathy, P. (2006). The development of an automated method for analyzing communication rate in augmentative and alternative communication. Assistive Technology 18 (1): 107–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2006.10131910
Stivers, T., Enfield, N. J., Brown, P., Englert, C., Hyashi, M., Heinemann, T., Hoymann, G., Rossano, F., de Ruiter, J. P., Yoon, K.-E. and Levinson, S. C. (2009). Universals and cultural variation in turn-taking conversation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Sates of America 106: 10587–10592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903616106
Throop, C. J. (2003). Articulating experience. Anthropological Theory 3 (2): 219–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499603003002006
Todman, J., Alm, N., Higginbotham, D. J. and File, P. (2008). Whole utterance approaches in AAC. Augmentative and Alternative Communication 24 (3): 235–254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08990220802388271
Todman, J. and Rzepecka, H. (2003). Effect of pre-utterance pause length on perceptions of communicative competence in AAC-aided social conversations. Augmentative and Alternative Communication 19 (4): 222–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07434610310001605810
Trnka, K., Yarrington, D., McCaw, J., McCoy, K. F. and Pennington, C. (2007). The effects of word prediction on communication rate for AAC. NAACL-HLT Companion Volume: Short Papers, 172–176.
Wilkinson, R. (1999). Sequentiality as a problem and resource for intersubjectivity in aphasic conversation: Analysis and implications for therapy. Aphasiology 13 (4): 327–343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026870399402127
Wilkinson, R., Beeke, S. and Maxim, J. (2003). Adapting to conversation: On the use of linguistic resources by speakers with fluent aphasia in the construction of turns at talk. In C. Goodwin (ed.) Conversation and Brain Damage, 59-89. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilkinson, R., Bloch, S. and Clarke, M. (2011). On the use of graphic resources in interaction by people with communication disorders. In J. Streeck, C. Goodwin and C. D. LeBaron (eds) Embodied Interaction: Language and Body in the Material World, 152–168. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Beukelman, D. R. and Mirenda, P. (2005). Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Supporting Children and Adults with Complex Communication Needs. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.
Black, S. P. (2008). Creativity and learning jazz: The practice of ‘listening’. Mind, Culture, and Activity 15 (4): 279–295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10749030802391039
Clark, H. H. (1996). Using Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620539
Clarke, M. and Wilkinson, R. (2007). Interaction between children with cerebral palsy and their peers 1: Organizing and understanding VOCA use. Augmentative and Alternative Communication 23 (4): 336–348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07434610701390350
Clarke, M. and Wilkinson, R. (2008). Interaction between children with cerebral palsy and their peers 2: Understanding initiated VOCA mediated turns. Augmentative and Alternative Communication 24 (1): 3–15.
Clarke, M. and Wilkinson, R. (2010) Communication aid use in children's conversation: Time, timing, and speaker transfer. In H. Gardner and M. Forrester (eds) Analysing Interaction in Childhood: Insights from Conversation Analysis, 249–266. London: Wiley.
Clarke, M. (2005). Conversational interaction between children using communication aids and their peers. Department of Human Communication Science, Ph.D. Thesis, University College London, London.
Duranti, A. (2009). The relevance of Husserl’s theory to language socialization. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 19 (2): 205–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1395.2009.01031.x
Duranti, A. (2010). Husserl, intersubjectivity and anthropology. Anthropological Theory 10 (1–2): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499610370517
Engelke, C. R. (in submission). Multi-modal and inter-modal communication in rapid prompting method mediated interaction.
Engelke, C. R. and Mangano, D. (2007). Using the world: Phenomenology and semiotic practice in interactions with children with severe autism: The American Association of Applied Linguistics-Annual Meeting. Costa Mesa, CA.
Engelke, C. R. and Mangano, D. (2008). Temporal cues: What children with severe autism can teach us about the organization of intersubjectivity. SALSA. University of Texas-Austin.
Gadamer, H. G. (2004 [1975]). Truth and method. London and New York: Continuum.
Goodwin, C. (1979). The interactive construction of a sentence in natural conversation. In G. Psathas (ed.) Everyday Language, 97–121. New York: Halsted Press.
Goodwin, C. (1980). Restarts, pauses, and the achievement of a state of mutual gaze at turn-beginning. Sociological Inquiry 50 (3–4): 272–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00023.x
Goodwin, C. (2003). Conversational frameworks for the accomplishment of meaning in aphasia. In C. Goodwin (ed.) Conversation and Brain Damage, 90-116. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Goodwin, C. (2004). A competent speaker who can't speak: The social life of aphasia. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 14 (2): 151–170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlin.2004.14.2.151
Goodwin, C. (2006). Human sociality as mutual orientation in a rich interactive environment: Multimodal utterances and pointing in aphasia. In N. J. Enfield, and S. C. Levinson (eds) Roots of Human Sociality: Culture, Cognition, and Interaction, 97–125. Oxford: Berg.
Goodwin, C. (2010). Building action in public environments with diverse semiotic resources. Versus (Special Issue ‘The External Mind: Perspectives on Semiosis, Distribution and Situation in Cognition’ edited by Roccardo Fusaroli, Tommaso Granelli, and Claudio Paolucci), 112–113, 165–178.
Goodwin, C. (2011). Contextures of action. In J. Streeck, C. Goodwin and C. D. LeBaron (eds) Embodied Interaction: Language and the Body in the Material World, 182–193. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goodwin, C. and Goodwin, M. H. (1987). Concurrent operations on talk: Notes on the interactive organization of assessments. IPRA Papers in Pragmatics 1: 1–54.
Goodwin, C., Goodwin, M. H. and Olsher, D. (2002). Producing sense with nonsense syllables: Turn and sequence in conversations with a man with severe aphasia. In C. E. Ford, B. A. Fox and S. A. Thompson (eds) The Language of Turn and Sequence, 56–80. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Heeschen, C. and Schegloff, E. A. (1999). Agrammatism, adaptation theory, conversation analysis: On the role of so-called telegraphic style in talk-in-interaction. Aphasiology 13 (3–4): 365–405.
Heritage, J. (1984). Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Higginbotham, D. J. and Engelke, C. R. (in press). A primer for doing talk-in-interaction research in augmentative and alternative communication. Augmentative and Alternative Communication.
Higginbotham, J. D. and Wilkins, D. P. (1999). Slipping through the timestream: Social issues of time and timing in augmented interactions. In D. Kovarsky, J. Duchan and M. Maxwell (eds) Constructing (In)competence: Disabling Evaluations in Clinical and Social Interaction, 49–82. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hill, K. and Romich, B. (2002). A rate index for augmentative and alternative communication. International Journal of Speech Technology 5 (1): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013638916623
Husserl, E. (1964). The Phenomenology of Internal Time-consciousness. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Husserl, E. (1970). Logical Investigations. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; Humanities Press.
Husserl, E. (1989). Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy. Second book: Studies in the Phenomenology of Constitution. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2233-4
Husserl, E. (1991). On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time (1893–1917). Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3718-8
Husserl, E. (2001). Analyses Concerning Passive and Active Synthesis: Lectures on Transcendental Logic. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
James, W. (2010 [1890]). The Principles of Psychology. Lawrence, KS: Digireads.com Publishing.
Jefferson, G. (1984). Notes on some orderlinesses of overlap onset. In V. D’Urso, and P. Leonardi (eds) Discourse Analysis and Natural Rhetorics, 11-38. Padova: CLEUP.
Jefferson, G. (1986). Notes on ‘latency’ in overlap onset. Human Studies 9 (2/3): 153–183.
Kraat, A. W. (1985). Communication Interaction between Aided and Natural Speakers: A State of the Art Report. International Commission on Technical Aids, Building, and Transportation.
Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lou, F. (2007). Personal narrative telling by individuals with all who use AAC devices. Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, Ph.D. Thesis. State University of New York at Buffalo, New York.
Lou, F., Bardach, L., Cornish, J. and Higginbotham, D. J. (2008). Personal narrative telling of AAC users with ALS. Poster presented at the Annual convention of the American Speech-Language and Hearing Association. Philadelphia, PA.
Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of Perception. London: Routledge.
Pomerantz, A. M. (1984). Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: Some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes. In J. M. Atkinson and J. Heritage (eds) Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis, 57–101. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Raymond, G. (2003). Grammar and social organization: Yes/no interrogatives and the structure of responding. American Sociological Review 68 (6): 939–967. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1519752
Roberts, F., Margutti, P. and Takano, S. (2011). Judgments concerning the valence of inter-turn silence across speakers of American English, Italian, and Japanese. Discourse Processes 48 (5): 331–354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2011.558002
Robillard, A. B. (1999). Meaning of a Disability: The Lived Experience of Paralysis. Philadelphia, IL: Temple University Press.
Robillard, A. B. (2006). Paralysis. In G. L. Albrecht (ed.) Encyclopedia of Disability, 1197–1201. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A. and Jefferson, G. (1974) A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language 50 (4): 696–753. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/412243
Schegloff, E. A. (1992). Repair after next turn: The last structurally provided defense of intersubjectivity in conversation. American Journal of Sociology 97 (5): 1295–1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/229903
Schegloff, E. A. (2007). Sequence Organization in Interaction: A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791208
Schegloff, E. A., Jefferson, G., and Sacks, H. (1977). The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation. Language 53 (2): 361–382.
Schutz, A. (1971 [1964]). Making music together: A study in social relationship. In A. Brodersen (ed.) Collected Papers, Vol. 2, 159-179. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Schutz, A. (1972 [1932]). The Phenomenology of the Social World. London: Heinemann Educational.
Smith, L. E., Higginbotham, D. J., Lesher, G. W., Moulton, B. M. and Mathy, P. (2006). The development of an automated method for analyzing communication rate in augmentative and alternative communication. Assistive Technology 18 (1): 107–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2006.10131910
Stivers, T., Enfield, N. J., Brown, P., Englert, C., Hyashi, M., Heinemann, T., Hoymann, G., Rossano, F., de Ruiter, J. P., Yoon, K.-E. and Levinson, S. C. (2009). Universals and cultural variation in turn-taking conversation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Sates of America 106: 10587–10592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903616106
Throop, C. J. (2003). Articulating experience. Anthropological Theory 3 (2): 219–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499603003002006
Todman, J., Alm, N., Higginbotham, D. J. and File, P. (2008). Whole utterance approaches in AAC. Augmentative and Alternative Communication 24 (3): 235–254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08990220802388271
Todman, J. and Rzepecka, H. (2003). Effect of pre-utterance pause length on perceptions of communicative competence in AAC-aided social conversations. Augmentative and Alternative Communication 19 (4): 222–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07434610310001605810
Trnka, K., Yarrington, D., McCaw, J., McCoy, K. F. and Pennington, C. (2007). The effects of word prediction on communication rate for AAC. NAACL-HLT Companion Volume: Short Papers, 172–176.
Wilkinson, R. (1999). Sequentiality as a problem and resource for intersubjectivity in aphasic conversation: Analysis and implications for therapy. Aphasiology 13 (4): 327–343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026870399402127
Wilkinson, R., Beeke, S. and Maxim, J. (2003). Adapting to conversation: On the use of linguistic resources by speakers with fluent aphasia in the construction of turns at talk. In C. Goodwin (ed.) Conversation and Brain Damage, 59-89. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilkinson, R., Bloch, S. and Clarke, M. (2011). On the use of graphic resources in interaction by people with communication disorders. In J. Streeck, C. Goodwin and C. D. LeBaron (eds) Embodied Interaction: Language and Body in the Material World, 152–168. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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