This paper attempts to synthesize the significant developments that have taken place during the 1980s in the study of the earliest occupation of the Mediterranean islands. It has become clear that there do exist a few instances of Paleolithic occupation of true islands, but many similar claims have been refuted, remain contentious, or are irrelevant to the issue of insular colonization. A ninth millennium BP human presence can now be demonstrated, admittedly with data of very variable quality, on all the larger islands or island groups; on Cyprus, the Aktrotiri Aetokremmos site offers evidence one or two millennia earlier. The main colonization phase for smaller islands, however, lies between the seventh and fourth millennia BP, beginning in the Aegean slightly earlier than had previously been supposed. Important interpretative advances have been made in areas such as the late Pleistocene and early Holocene palaeogeography of the Mediterranean islands, the relationship of man to faunal extinctions or introduction, and the predictive modelling of island colonization.