The Francis-Littler Charismatic Orientation Scale
A Study in Personality Theory among Anglican Clergymen
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/ptcs.v10i1.72Keywords:
Personality, religion, Eysenck, Charismatic, Anglican, clergyAbstract
The aim of the present study is to develop and test a new measure of charismatic orientation capable of assessing the extent of the influence of the Charismatic Movement among Anglican clergy and useful for testing theories regarding the association between charismatic orientation and personality. Data provided by a sample of 232 clergymen serving in the Church in Wales supported the internal consistency reliability of the 21-item Francis-Littler Charismatic Orientation Scale, and, in terms of the Eysenckian dimensional model of personality, demonstrate that charismatic orientation scores are correlated positively with extraversion scores but independent of both neuroticism scores and psychoticism scores.
References
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Beyts, J., G. Frcka, I. Martin and A.B. Levey. 1983. “The Influence of Psychoticism and Extraversion on Classical Eyelid Conditioning Using a Paraorbital Shock UCS.” Personality and Individual Differences 4: 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/01918869(83)90149-6
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Church of England. 1981. The Charismatic Movement in the Church of England. London: CIO Publishing.
Coulson, J.E., and R.W. Johnson. 1977. “Glossolalia and Internal-external Locus of Control.” Journal of Psychology and Theology 5: 312–17.
Cronbach, L.J. 1951. “Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests.” Psychometrika 16: 297–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555
Crookes, T.G., and S.J. Buckley. 1976. “Lie Score and Insight.” Irish Journal of Psychology 3: 134–36.
Cutten, G.B. 1927. Speaking with Tongues: Historically and Psychologically Considered. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
DeVellis, R.F. 2003. Scale Development: Theory and Applications. London: Sage Publications.
Eysenck, H.J., and S.B.G. Eysenck. 1975. Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Adult and Junior). London: Hodder and Stoughton.
— 1976. Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
— 1991. Manual of the Eysenck Personality Scales. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Eysenck, S.B.G., H.J. Eysenck, and P. Barrett. 1985. “A Revised Version of the Psychoticism Scale.” Personality and Individual Differences 6: 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/01918869(85)90026-1
Finlayson, D.S. 1972. “Towards the Interpretation of Children’s Lie Scale Scores.” British Journal of Educational Psychology 42: 290–93.. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1972.tb00721.x
Francis, L.J. 1992. “Is Psychoticism Really a Dimension of Personality Fundamental to Religiosity?” Personality and Individual Differences 13: 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/0191-8869(92)90235-H
— 2005. Faith and Psychology: Personality, Religion and the Individual. London: Darton, Longman and Todd.
Francis, L.J., L.B. Brown, and R. Philipchalk. 1992. “The Development of An Abbreviated Form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-A): Its Use Among Students in England, Canada, the USA and Australia.” Personality and Individual Differences 13: 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90073-X
Francis, L.J., and S.H. Jones. 1997. “Personality and Charismatic Experience Among Adult Christians.” Pastoral Psychology 45: 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02310642
Francis, L.J., and W.K. Kay. 1995. “The Personality Characteristics of Pentecostal Ministry Candidates.” Personality and Individual Differences 18: 581–94. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/0191-8869(94)00210-J
Francis, L.J., and S.H. Louden. 2000. “The Francis-Louden Mystical Orientation Scale (MOS): A Study Among Roman Catholic Priests.” Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion 11: 99–116.
Francis, L.J., P.R. Pearson, and W.K. Kay. 1983. “Are Religious Children Bigger Liars?” Psychological Reports 52: 551–54.
Francis, L.J., and M. Robbins. 2003. “Personality and Glossolalia: A Study Among Male Evangelical Clergy.” Pastoral Psychology 51: 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/ A:1023618715407
Francis, L.J., M. Robbins, and K. Littler. Forthcoming. Churchmanship and Personality Among Clergymen in the Church in Wales: Are Anglo-Catholic Priests More Feminine?
Francis, L.J., and T.H. Thomas. 1997. “Are Charismatic Ministers Less Stable? A Study Among Male Anglican Clergy.” Review of Religious Research 39: 61–69.
Gunstone, J. 1982. Pentecostal Anglicans. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Hine, V.H. 1969. “Pentecostal Glossolalia: Towards a Functional Interpretation.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 8: 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1384335
Jones, S.H., L.J. Francis, and C.L. Craig. 2005. “Charismatic Experience and Psychological Type: An Empirical Enquiry.” Journal of the European Pentecostal Theological Association 25: 39–53.
Jung, C.G. 1971. Psychological Types: The Collected Works, Volume 6. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Keirsey, D., and M. Bates. 1978. Please Understand Me. Del Mar, CA: Prometheus Nemesis.
Kildahl, J.P. 1972. The Psychology of Speaking in Tongues. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
— 1975. “Psychological Observations.” In M.P. Hamilton (ed.), The Charismatic Movement. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 124–42.
Kirton, M.J. 1977. “Characteristics of High Lie Scorers.” Psychological Reports 40: 279–80.
Lapsley, J.N., and J.H. Simpson. 1964. “Speaking in Tongues: Infantile Babble or Song of the Self?” Pastoral Psychology 15: 16–24, 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01760225
Loo, R. 1980. “Characteristics of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Lie Scale and of Extreme Lie Scorers.” Psychology: a Quarterly Journal of Human Behaviour 17: 5–10.
Louden, S.H., and L.J. Francis. 2001. “Are Catholic Priests in England and Wales Attracted to the Charismatic Movement Emotionally Less Stable?” British Journal of Theological Education 11: 65–76.
Mackie, A. 1921. The Gift of Tongues. New York: G.H. Doran.
Malony, H.N. 1992. The Psychology of Religion for Ministry. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press.
Massey, A. 1980. “The Eysenck Personality Inventory Lie Scale: Lack of Insight or ...?” Irish Journal of Psychology 4: 172–74.
Myers, I.B., and M.H. McCaulley. 1985. Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Neisz, N.L., and E.J. Kronenberger. 1978. “Self-actualization in Glossolalic and Nonglossolalic Pentecostals.” Sociological Analysis 39: 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3710445
Ness, R.C., and R.M. Wintrob. 1980. “The Emotional Impact of Fundamentalist Religious Participation: An Empirical Study of Intragroup Variation.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 50: 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1980.tb03292.x
O’Hagan, F.J., and G. Edmunds. 1982. “Teachers’ Observations on Pupils’ Untruthfulness in Relation to the ‘Lie’ Scale.” Personality and Individual Differences 3: 335–38.
Oates, W.E. 1967. “A Socio-psychological Study of Glossolalia.” In F. Stagg, E.G. Hinson, and W.E. Oates (eds), Glossolalia: Tongue Speaking in Biblical, Historical, and Psychological Perspective. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 20–44.
Pattison, E.M. 1968. “Behavioral Science Research on the Nature of Glossolalia.” Journal of American Scientific Affiliation 20: 73–86.
Randall, K. 2005. Evangelicals Etcetera: Conflict and Conviction in the Church of England’s Parties. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Robbins, M., J. Hair, and L.J. Francis. 1999. Personality and Attraction to the Charismatic Movement: A Study among Anglican Clergy. Journal of Beliefs and Values 20: 239– 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1361767990200209
Samarin, W.J. 1959. “Glossolalia as Learned Behaviour.” Canadian Journal of Theology 15: 60–64.
— 1973. “Glossolalia as Regressive Speech.” Language and Speech 16: 77–79.
Smith, D.S., and J.R. Fleck. 1981. “Personality Correlates of Conventional and Unconventional Glossolalia.” Journal of Social Psychology 114: 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022 4545.1981.9922750
Spandos, N.P., W.P. Cross, M. Lepage and M. Coristine. 1986. “Glossolalia as Learned Behavior: An Experimental Demonstration.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95: 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.95.1.21
Tappeiner, D.A. 1974. “The Function of Tongue-speaking For the Individual: A Psychotheological Model.” Journal of American Scientific Affiliation 26: 29–32.
Vivier, L.M. 1960. Glossolalia. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Department of Psychiatry, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa.
Williams, C.G. 1981. Tongues of the Spirit: A Study of Pentecostal Glossolalia and Related Phenomena. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Beyts, J., G. Frcka, I. Martin and A.B. Levey. 1983. “The Influence of Psychoticism and Extraversion on Classical Eyelid Conditioning Using a Paraorbital Shock UCS.” Personality and Individual Differences 4: 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/01918869(83)90149-6
Castelein, J.D. 1984. “Glossolalia and the Psychology of the Self and Narcissism.” Journal of Religion and Health 23: 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00999899
Church of England. 1981. The Charismatic Movement in the Church of England. London: CIO Publishing.
Coulson, J.E., and R.W. Johnson. 1977. “Glossolalia and Internal-external Locus of Control.” Journal of Psychology and Theology 5: 312–17.
Cronbach, L.J. 1951. “Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests.” Psychometrika 16: 297–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555
Crookes, T.G., and S.J. Buckley. 1976. “Lie Score and Insight.” Irish Journal of Psychology 3: 134–36.
Cutten, G.B. 1927. Speaking with Tongues: Historically and Psychologically Considered. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
DeVellis, R.F. 2003. Scale Development: Theory and Applications. London: Sage Publications.
Eysenck, H.J., and S.B.G. Eysenck. 1975. Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Adult and Junior). London: Hodder and Stoughton.
— 1976. Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
— 1991. Manual of the Eysenck Personality Scales. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Eysenck, S.B.G., H.J. Eysenck, and P. Barrett. 1985. “A Revised Version of the Psychoticism Scale.” Personality and Individual Differences 6: 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/01918869(85)90026-1
Finlayson, D.S. 1972. “Towards the Interpretation of Children’s Lie Scale Scores.” British Journal of Educational Psychology 42: 290–93.. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1972.tb00721.x
Francis, L.J. 1992. “Is Psychoticism Really a Dimension of Personality Fundamental to Religiosity?” Personality and Individual Differences 13: 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/0191-8869(92)90235-H
— 2005. Faith and Psychology: Personality, Religion and the Individual. London: Darton, Longman and Todd.
Francis, L.J., L.B. Brown, and R. Philipchalk. 1992. “The Development of An Abbreviated Form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-A): Its Use Among Students in England, Canada, the USA and Australia.” Personality and Individual Differences 13: 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90073-X
Francis, L.J., and S.H. Jones. 1997. “Personality and Charismatic Experience Among Adult Christians.” Pastoral Psychology 45: 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02310642
Francis, L.J., and W.K. Kay. 1995. “The Personality Characteristics of Pentecostal Ministry Candidates.” Personality and Individual Differences 18: 581–94. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/0191-8869(94)00210-J
Francis, L.J., and S.H. Louden. 2000. “The Francis-Louden Mystical Orientation Scale (MOS): A Study Among Roman Catholic Priests.” Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion 11: 99–116.
Francis, L.J., P.R. Pearson, and W.K. Kay. 1983. “Are Religious Children Bigger Liars?” Psychological Reports 52: 551–54.
Francis, L.J., and M. Robbins. 2003. “Personality and Glossolalia: A Study Among Male Evangelical Clergy.” Pastoral Psychology 51: 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/ A:1023618715407
Francis, L.J., M. Robbins, and K. Littler. Forthcoming. Churchmanship and Personality Among Clergymen in the Church in Wales: Are Anglo-Catholic Priests More Feminine?
Francis, L.J., and T.H. Thomas. 1997. “Are Charismatic Ministers Less Stable? A Study Among Male Anglican Clergy.” Review of Religious Research 39: 61–69.
Gunstone, J. 1982. Pentecostal Anglicans. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Hine, V.H. 1969. “Pentecostal Glossolalia: Towards a Functional Interpretation.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 8: 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1384335
Jones, S.H., L.J. Francis, and C.L. Craig. 2005. “Charismatic Experience and Psychological Type: An Empirical Enquiry.” Journal of the European Pentecostal Theological Association 25: 39–53.
Jung, C.G. 1971. Psychological Types: The Collected Works, Volume 6. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Keirsey, D., and M. Bates. 1978. Please Understand Me. Del Mar, CA: Prometheus Nemesis.
Kildahl, J.P. 1972. The Psychology of Speaking in Tongues. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
— 1975. “Psychological Observations.” In M.P. Hamilton (ed.), The Charismatic Movement. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 124–42.
Kirton, M.J. 1977. “Characteristics of High Lie Scorers.” Psychological Reports 40: 279–80.
Lapsley, J.N., and J.H. Simpson. 1964. “Speaking in Tongues: Infantile Babble or Song of the Self?” Pastoral Psychology 15: 16–24, 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01760225
Loo, R. 1980. “Characteristics of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Lie Scale and of Extreme Lie Scorers.” Psychology: a Quarterly Journal of Human Behaviour 17: 5–10.
Louden, S.H., and L.J. Francis. 2001. “Are Catholic Priests in England and Wales Attracted to the Charismatic Movement Emotionally Less Stable?” British Journal of Theological Education 11: 65–76.
Mackie, A. 1921. The Gift of Tongues. New York: G.H. Doran.
Malony, H.N. 1992. The Psychology of Religion for Ministry. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press.
Massey, A. 1980. “The Eysenck Personality Inventory Lie Scale: Lack of Insight or ...?” Irish Journal of Psychology 4: 172–74.
Myers, I.B., and M.H. McCaulley. 1985. Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Neisz, N.L., and E.J. Kronenberger. 1978. “Self-actualization in Glossolalic and Nonglossolalic Pentecostals.” Sociological Analysis 39: 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3710445
Ness, R.C., and R.M. Wintrob. 1980. “The Emotional Impact of Fundamentalist Religious Participation: An Empirical Study of Intragroup Variation.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 50: 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1980.tb03292.x
O’Hagan, F.J., and G. Edmunds. 1982. “Teachers’ Observations on Pupils’ Untruthfulness in Relation to the ‘Lie’ Scale.” Personality and Individual Differences 3: 335–38.
Oates, W.E. 1967. “A Socio-psychological Study of Glossolalia.” In F. Stagg, E.G. Hinson, and W.E. Oates (eds), Glossolalia: Tongue Speaking in Biblical, Historical, and Psychological Perspective. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 20–44.
Pattison, E.M. 1968. “Behavioral Science Research on the Nature of Glossolalia.” Journal of American Scientific Affiliation 20: 73–86.
Randall, K. 2005. Evangelicals Etcetera: Conflict and Conviction in the Church of England’s Parties. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Robbins, M., J. Hair, and L.J. Francis. 1999. Personality and Attraction to the Charismatic Movement: A Study among Anglican Clergy. Journal of Beliefs and Values 20: 239– 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1361767990200209
Samarin, W.J. 1959. “Glossolalia as Learned Behaviour.” Canadian Journal of Theology 15: 60–64.
— 1973. “Glossolalia as Regressive Speech.” Language and Speech 16: 77–79.
Smith, D.S., and J.R. Fleck. 1981. “Personality Correlates of Conventional and Unconventional Glossolalia.” Journal of Social Psychology 114: 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022 4545.1981.9922750
Spandos, N.P., W.P. Cross, M. Lepage and M. Coristine. 1986. “Glossolalia as Learned Behavior: An Experimental Demonstration.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95: 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.95.1.21
Tappeiner, D.A. 1974. “The Function of Tongue-speaking For the Individual: A Psychotheological Model.” Journal of American Scientific Affiliation 26: 29–32.
Vivier, L.M. 1960. Glossolalia. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Department of Psychiatry, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa.
Williams, C.G. 1981. Tongues of the Spirit: A Study of Pentecostal Glossolalia and Related Phenomena. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Published
2011-09-29
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Francis, L., & Littler, K. (2011). The Francis-Littler Charismatic Orientation Scale: A Study in Personality Theory among Anglican Clergymen. PentecoStudies, 10(1), 72-86. https://doi.org/10.1558/ptcs.v10i1.72
