Authority, Space, and Literary Media
Eucherius’ 'Epistula de laude eremi' and Authority Changes in Late Antique Gaul
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/post.33677Keywords:
Literary media, social space, authoritative texts in late antiquity, authority transformations, Christianity in Western Europe, asceticismAbstract
This article discusses religious authority changes in late antique Gaul, where spatial and literary media played important roles in how religious authority was maintained, negotiated, and transformed in Western Europe in the aftermath of the Roman empire. The analysis uses theories of social space to analyse and discuss how the authority of the desert space, and ascetic practice, was negotiated through the literary medium of Eucherius of Lyon’s Epistula de laude eremi (In Praise of the Desert), as well as how the authority of the text as a medium is constructed. This analysis then forms the basis for a discussion of religious authority changes in late Antique Gaul following the success of ascetics as bishops, and the role of spatial and literary media in this process. In a world of large scale societal changes, literary media promoting ascetic holy figures, and the ascetic space of the desert, played a decisive role in transformations of authority and in negotations of the meanings of authoritative texts. Such media were created and used by ascetics, bishops, and theologians as means with which to change forms of religious authority, in an era in which the status of asceticism was a matter of contention and the authority of monks and church leaders was insecure. The authority transformations of the era became consequential for Western European history.
References
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———. 2003. The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity A.D. 200–1000, 2nd ed. London: Blackwell.
———. 2012. Through the Eye of a Needle: Wealth, the Fall of Rome, and the Making of Christianity in the West 350–550. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
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———. 2014. “Wild and wondrous men: Elijah and Elisha in the Hebrew Bible.” In Credible-Incredible: The Miraculous in the Ancient Mediterranean, edited by Janet Spittler and Tobias Nicklas, 323–352. Tübigen: Mohr Siebeck.
———. 2016a. “Ancient wilderness mythologies: The case of space and religious identity formation in the gospel of Matthew.” Archiv für Religionsgeschichte 16: 163–192.
———. 2016b. “Religion, nature, and ambiguous space in ancient Mesopotamia: The mountain wilderness in Old Babylonian religious narratives.” Numen 63: 347–382. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341392
———. 2016c. “Contemporary fantasy fiction and representations of religion: Playing with reality, myth, and magic in His Dark Materials and Harry Potter.” Religion 46: 550–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2016.1212526
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Hammer, Olav. 2016. “Towards a secular theory of religious experience.” In Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion, edited by P. Antes, A. W. Geertz and M. Rothstein, 115–126. Sheffield: Equinox.
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Greschat, K. 2007. “Spätantike Bildungstraditionen im Umkreis des Klosters von Lerinum. Die Kompendienwerke des Eucherius von Lyon.” Zeitschrift für Antike Christentum 10: 320–335. https://doi.org/10.1515/ZAC.2006.024
Heider, F. 1959. “Thing and Medium.” Psychological Issues 1: 1–34.
Horsfield, Peter. 2015. From Jesus to the Internet: A History of Christianity and Media. London: Blackwell.
Ingold, Tim. 2000. The Perception of the Environment: Essays in Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203466025
Jensen, Jeppe S. 2009. Myths and Mythologies: A Reader. Critical Categories in the Study of Religion. London: Equinox.
Kelly, Christopher. 2011. “The myth of the desert in western monasticism: Eucherius of Lyon’s In Praise of the Desert.” Cistercian Studies Quarterly 46: 129–141.
Kloppenborg, John. 2014. “Literate media in early Christian groups: The creation of a Christian book culture.” Journal of Early Christian Studies 22: 21–59. https://doi.org/10.1353/earl.2014.0004
Knott, Kim. 2005. The Location of Religion: A Spatial Analysis. London: Equinox.
Lachmann, Renate. 2004. “Cultural memory and the role of literature.” European Review 12: 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1017/S106279870400016X
Larsson, Göran. 2015. “Power.” In Vocabulary for the Study of Religion, edited by R. A. Segal and K. von Stuckrad, 103–109. Leiden: Brill.
Law, John. 2003. “The Manager and His Powers.” Lancaster: Centre for Science Studies, Lancaster University. http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/papers/Law-Manager-and his-Powers.pdf
Lefebvre, Henri. 1991. The Production of Space. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. [Translated from La production de l’espace, 1974].
Lewis, James R. 2012. Cults. London: Equinox.
Leyser, Conrad. 1999. “‘This Sainted Isle’: Panegyric, nostalgia, and the invention of ‘Lérinian Monasticism’. In The Limits of Ancient Christianity: Essays in Honor of Robert Markus, edited by W. Klingshirn and M. Vessey, 188–206. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Leyser, Conrad. 2006. “The uses of the desert in the sixth-century west.” In The Encroaching Desert: Egyptian Hagiography and the Medieval West, edited by J.H.F. Dijkstra and M. van Dijk, 113–134. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/187124106778787060
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Lincoln, B. 2003. Holy Terrors: Thinking about Religion after September 11. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
———. 2005. “Theses on Method.” Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 17(1): 8–10. https://doi.org/10.1163/1570068053429910
———. 1994. Authority. Construction and Corrosion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McCutcheon, R. T. 2000. “Myth.” In Guide to the Study of Religion, edited by W. Braun and R. T. McCutcheon, 190–208. London: Cassell.
McLuhan, Marshall. 1964. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. New York: Signet.
Markus, Robert. 1990. The End of Ancient Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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———. 2001. “Morphing McLuhan: Medium theory for new millennium.” Proceedings of the Media Ecology Association 2: 8–22.
Morello, Ruth and A. D. Morrison. 2007. Ancient Letters: Classical and Late Antique Epistolography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203956.001.0001
Moreschini, C. and E. Norelli. 2005. Early Greek and Latin Literature: A Literary History. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers.
Moreira, Isabel. 2000. Dreams, Visions, and Spiritual Authority in Merovingian Gaul. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Pepino, John. 2009. St. Eucherius of Lyons: Rhetorical Adaptation of Message to Intended Audience in Fifth Century Provence. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Dissertation.
Pricoco, Salvatore 1965. Eucherii De laude eremi. Recensuit, apparatu critic et indicibus instruxit. Università de Catania: Centro di studi sull’Antico Cristianesimo.
Rapp, Claudia. 2005. Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity: The Nature of Christian Leadership in an Age of Transition. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520242968.001.0001
Rubenson, Samuel. 2015. “The letter-collections of Antony and Ammonas: Shaping a community.” In Collecting Early Christian Letters from the Apostle Paul to Late Antiquity, edited by B. Neil and P. Allen, 68–79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316135655.005
Soja, Edward W. 1996. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
———. 1989. Postmodern Geographies. New York: Verso.
Thrift, Nigel and Susan Whatmore, eds. 2004. Cultural Geography: Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences. London: Routledge.
Vivian, Tim, Kim Vivian and Jeffrey B. Russell, trans. and eds. 1999. The Life of the Jura Fathers: The Life and Rule of the Holy Fathers Romanus, Lupicinus, and Eugendus, Abbots of the Monasteries in the Jura Mountains. With Appendices: Avitus of Vienne Letter XVIII to Viventiolus, Eucherius of Lyon: The Passion of the Martyrs of Agaune, Saint Maurice and His Companions, In Praise of the Desert. Cistercian Studies Series178. Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications.
Weber, Max. 1980. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriss der Verstehenden Soziologie. 5th revised edition by J. Winckelmann. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Siebeck) [1921].
———. 1922. “Die drei reinen Typen der legitimen Herrschaft: Eine soziologische Studie.” Preussischen Jahrbüchern 187: 1–12.
Yuzwa, Zachary. 2014. “Reading genre in Sulpicius Severus’ letters.” Journal of Late Antiquity 7: 329–350. https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.2014.0019
Arendt, Hannah. 1966. “What is Authority.” In Between Past and Future. H. Arendt [1958], London: Penguin.
Assmann, Jan. 1992. Das kulturelle Gedächtnis. Schrift, Erinnerung und politische Identität in frühen Hochkulturen. München: C.H. Beck. https://doi.org/10.17104/9783406703409
Bal, Mieke. 1997. Narratology. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Bloom, Harold. 1997 [1973]. The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bremmer, Jan N. 2010. “From Holy books to Holy Bible: An itinerary from ancient Greece to modern Islam via Second Temple Judaism and Early Christianity.” In Authoritative Scriptures in Ancient Judaism, edited by Mladen Popovic, 327–360. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004185302.i-402.75
———. forthcoming. “Athanasius’ Life of Antony: Composition, readership and impact.” In Marginality in the History of Christianity—Materiality and Media Perspectives, edited by Laura Feldt. Leuven: Peeters.
Breuer, Stefan. 2011. “Herrschaft” in der Soziologie Max Webers. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz.
Brown, Peter 1971. “The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity.” The Journal of Roman Studies 61: 80–101. https://doi.org/10.2307/300008
———. 2003. The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity A.D. 200–1000, 2nd ed. London: Blackwell.
———. 2012. Through the Eye of a Needle: Wealth, the Fall of Rome, and the Making of Christianity in the West 350–550. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Brunert, Maria-Elisabeth. 1994. Das Ideal der Wüstenaskese und seine Rezeption in Gallien bis zum Ende des 6. Jahrhunderts. Beiträge zur Geschichte des alten Mönchtums und des Benediktinertums 42. Münster: Aschenhoff.
Bucher, Taina, and Anne Helmond. 2016. “The affordances of social media platforms.” In The SAGE Handbook of Social Media, edited by Jean Burgess, Thomas Poell and Alice Marwick. London and New York: SAGE.
Camp, C. 2002. “Storied space or Ben Sira tells a temple.” In “Imagining” Biblical Worlds: Studies in Spatial, Social and Historical Constructs in Honor of James W. Flanagan, edited by D. M. Gunn, P. McNutt and J. W. Flanagan, 64–80. JSOT Supplement 353. Sheffield Academic Press: Sheffield.
Csordas, Thomas. 1997. Language, Charisma and Creativity: The Ritual Life of a Religious Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cummings, Charles. 1976. “In praise of the desert: A letter to Hilary of Lérins from Eucher of Lyon.” Cistercian Studies 11: 60–72.
Dijkstra, Jitse H. F. and Mathilde van Dijk, eds. 2006. The Encroaching Desert: Egyptian Hagiography and the Medieval West. Leiden: Brill.
Doniger, Wendy. 1998. The Implied Spider: Politics and Theology in Myth. New York: Columbia University Press.
Eliade, Mircea. 1960. Myths, Dreams and Mysteries: The Encounter between Contemporary Faiths and Archaic Realities. New York: Harper Colophon Books.
Feldt, Laura. 2012. The Fantastic in Religious Narrative. London: Routledge.
———. 2014. “Wild and wondrous men: Elijah and Elisha in the Hebrew Bible.” In Credible-Incredible: The Miraculous in the Ancient Mediterranean, edited by Janet Spittler and Tobias Nicklas, 323–352. Tübigen: Mohr Siebeck.
———. 2016a. “Ancient wilderness mythologies: The case of space and religious identity formation in the gospel of Matthew.” Archiv für Religionsgeschichte 16: 163–192.
———. 2016b. “Religion, nature, and ambiguous space in ancient Mesopotamia: The mountain wilderness in Old Babylonian religious narratives.” Numen 63: 347–382. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341392
———. 2016c. “Contemporary fantasy fiction and representations of religion: Playing with reality, myth, and magic in His Dark Materials and Harry Potter.” Religion 46: 550–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2016.1212526
Furedi, Frank. 2013. Authority: A Sociological Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139026338
George, M. 2009. Israel’s Tabernacle as Social Space. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature.
Hammer, Olav. 2016. “Towards a secular theory of religious experience.” In Contemporary Views on Comparative Religion, edited by P. Antes, A. W. Geertz and M. Rothstein, 115–126. Sheffield: Equinox.
Gibson, Roy K. and A. D. Morrison. 2007. “Introduction: What is a letter?” In Ancient Letters: Classical and Late Antique Epistolography, edited by Ruth Morello and A. D. Morrison, 1–16. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203956.003.0001
Greschat, K. 2007. “Spätantike Bildungstraditionen im Umkreis des Klosters von Lerinum. Die Kompendienwerke des Eucherius von Lyon.” Zeitschrift für Antike Christentum 10: 320–335. https://doi.org/10.1515/ZAC.2006.024
Heider, F. 1959. “Thing and Medium.” Psychological Issues 1: 1–34.
Horsfield, Peter. 2015. From Jesus to the Internet: A History of Christianity and Media. London: Blackwell.
Ingold, Tim. 2000. The Perception of the Environment: Essays in Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203466025
Jensen, Jeppe S. 2009. Myths and Mythologies: A Reader. Critical Categories in the Study of Religion. London: Equinox.
Kelly, Christopher. 2011. “The myth of the desert in western monasticism: Eucherius of Lyon’s In Praise of the Desert.” Cistercian Studies Quarterly 46: 129–141.
Kloppenborg, John. 2014. “Literate media in early Christian groups: The creation of a Christian book culture.” Journal of Early Christian Studies 22: 21–59. https://doi.org/10.1353/earl.2014.0004
Knott, Kim. 2005. The Location of Religion: A Spatial Analysis. London: Equinox.
Lachmann, Renate. 2004. “Cultural memory and the role of literature.” European Review 12: 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1017/S106279870400016X
Larsson, Göran. 2015. “Power.” In Vocabulary for the Study of Religion, edited by R. A. Segal and K. von Stuckrad, 103–109. Leiden: Brill.
Law, John. 2003. “The Manager and His Powers.” Lancaster: Centre for Science Studies, Lancaster University. http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/papers/Law-Manager-and his-Powers.pdf
Lefebvre, Henri. 1991. The Production of Space. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. [Translated from La production de l’espace, 1974].
Lewis, James R. 2012. Cults. London: Equinox.
Leyser, Conrad. 1999. “‘This Sainted Isle’: Panegyric, nostalgia, and the invention of ‘Lérinian Monasticism’. In The Limits of Ancient Christianity: Essays in Honor of Robert Markus, edited by W. Klingshirn and M. Vessey, 188–206. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Leyser, Conrad. 2006. “The uses of the desert in the sixth-century west.” In The Encroaching Desert: Egyptian Hagiography and the Medieval West, edited by J.H.F. Dijkstra and M. van Dijk, 113–134. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/187124106778787060
Lied, L. I. 2005. “Another look at the Land of Damascus: The spaces of the Damascus document in the light of Edward W. Soja’s Thirdspace Approach.” In New Directions in Qumran Studies: Proceedings of the Bristol Colloquium on the Dead Sea Scrolls, 8–10 September 2003, edited by J. G. Campbell, W. J. Lyons and L. K. Pietersen, 101–125. London: T&T Clark.
Lincoln, B. 2003. Holy Terrors: Thinking about Religion after September 11. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
———. 2005. “Theses on Method.” Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 17(1): 8–10. https://doi.org/10.1163/1570068053429910
———. 1994. Authority. Construction and Corrosion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McCutcheon, R. T. 2000. “Myth.” In Guide to the Study of Religion, edited by W. Braun and R. T. McCutcheon, 190–208. London: Cassell.
McLuhan, Marshall. 1964. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. New York: Signet.
Markus, Robert. 1990. The End of Ancient Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Meyrowitz, Joshua. 1994. “Medium Theory.” In Communication Theory Today, edited by D. Crowley and D. Mitchell, 50–77, Cambridge: Polity Press.
———. 2001. “Morphing McLuhan: Medium theory for new millennium.” Proceedings of the Media Ecology Association 2: 8–22.
Morello, Ruth and A. D. Morrison. 2007. Ancient Letters: Classical and Late Antique Epistolography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203956.001.0001
Moreschini, C. and E. Norelli. 2005. Early Greek and Latin Literature: A Literary History. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers.
Moreira, Isabel. 2000. Dreams, Visions, and Spiritual Authority in Merovingian Gaul. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Pepino, John. 2009. St. Eucherius of Lyons: Rhetorical Adaptation of Message to Intended Audience in Fifth Century Provence. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Dissertation.
Pricoco, Salvatore 1965. Eucherii De laude eremi. Recensuit, apparatu critic et indicibus instruxit. Università de Catania: Centro di studi sull’Antico Cristianesimo.
Rapp, Claudia. 2005. Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity: The Nature of Christian Leadership in an Age of Transition. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520242968.001.0001
Rubenson, Samuel. 2015. “The letter-collections of Antony and Ammonas: Shaping a community.” In Collecting Early Christian Letters from the Apostle Paul to Late Antiquity, edited by B. Neil and P. Allen, 68–79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316135655.005
Soja, Edward W. 1996. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
———. 1989. Postmodern Geographies. New York: Verso.
Thrift, Nigel and Susan Whatmore, eds. 2004. Cultural Geography: Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences. London: Routledge.
Vivian, Tim, Kim Vivian and Jeffrey B. Russell, trans. and eds. 1999. The Life of the Jura Fathers: The Life and Rule of the Holy Fathers Romanus, Lupicinus, and Eugendus, Abbots of the Monasteries in the Jura Mountains. With Appendices: Avitus of Vienne Letter XVIII to Viventiolus, Eucherius of Lyon: The Passion of the Martyrs of Agaune, Saint Maurice and His Companions, In Praise of the Desert. Cistercian Studies Series178. Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications.
Weber, Max. 1980. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriss der Verstehenden Soziologie. 5th revised edition by J. Winckelmann. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Siebeck) [1921].
———. 1922. “Die drei reinen Typen der legitimen Herrschaft: Eine soziologische Studie.” Preussischen Jahrbüchern 187: 1–12.
Yuzwa, Zachary. 2014. “Reading genre in Sulpicius Severus’ letters.” Journal of Late Antiquity 7: 329–350. https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.2014.0019
Published
2018-01-26
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Feldt, L. (2018). Authority, Space, and Literary Media: Eucherius’ ’Epistula de laude eremi’ and Authority Changes in Late Antique Gaul. Postscripts: The Journal of Sacred Texts, Cultural Histories, and Contemporary Contexts, 8(3), 193-219. https://doi.org/10.1558/post.33677
