The stance of the Royal Academy of Morocco towards the sociolinguistic context of the country following the 2011 Constitution
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.35576Keywords:
Standard Arabic, Darija, Amazigh, French, Royal Academy of Morocco, identity, arabicization, monoglot ideologyAbstract
The purpose of this article is to portray and comment on the stance of the Royal Academy of Morocco towards the sociolinguistic context of the country following the 2011 Constitution in its publication of 2013. The analysis of the Royal Academy’s discourse dissects the institution’s stance regarding each linguistic variety in the Moroccan linguistic landscape, and the strategies employed to build its position. The analysis eventually demonstrates the underlying ideology that supports the Royal Academy’s stance.
References
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Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya (2010) Al-lu?a al-?arabiyya f? al-?i??b al-tašr??? wa-l-?id?r? wa-l-?i?l?m? bi-l-Ma?rib. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
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Al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya (2011) Dust?r al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya. Retrieved on 17 January 2017 from: http://www.mcrp.gov.ma/Constitution.aspx.
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Benítez Fernández, M. (2010) La política lingüística contemporánea de Marruecos: De la arabización a la aceptación del multilingüismo. Zaragoza: Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo.
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Berbich, A. L. (2013) Kalima al-tar??b. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya, Alhuwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 21–23. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
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Boukous, A. (1995) Societé, langues et cultures au Maroc. Rabat: Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines.
Caubet, D. (2005) Génération Darija! Estudios de dialectología norteafricana y andalusí 9: 233–243.
Caubet, D. (2010) La ‘nayda’ par ses textes. MLM Magazine Littéraire du Maroc 3–4: 99–105.
Caubet, D. and Miller, C. (2011) Parlers jeunes-entre ‘street language’ et ‘branchitude’. Revue Economia 12: 69–71.
Chakrani, B. (2010) A Sociolinguistic Investigation of Language Attitudes among Youth in Morocco. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved on 31 March 2016 from: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/17043.
Chbihna Mae Laânine, H. (2013) Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya min ?il?l tanawwu? al-?aq?fa wa ?a?r ?alika f? ?istimr?r al-wa?da al-wa?aniyya. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka alma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 425–473. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
El-Merini, A. (2013) Al-lu?a wa-l-huwiyya al-wa?aniyya. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka alma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 151–154. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
El-Moudni, A. (2013) Mad??i li-?ik?ma al-bu?d al-lu?aw? li-l-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 239–255. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
El-Oudghiri, A. (2010) Lu?a al-?i??b al-?i?l?m? bayna al-fu??à wa-l-?ammiya. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya, Al-lu?a al-?arabiyya f? al-?i??b al-tašr??? wa-l-?id?r? wa-l-?i?l?m? bi-l-Ma?rib 211–248. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
El-Oudghiri, A. (2013) Al-ta?addudiyya al-lis?niyya wa-l-mu??laja al-dust?riyya li-lmuškil al-lu?aw? bi-l-ma?rib. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 155–238. Rabat: Ma?ba?a alma??rif al-jad?da.
Gago, L. (2013) Aproximación a las representaciones y actitudes lingüísticas hacia la estandarización y oficialización del árabe marroquí. In R. Muhr, C. Amorós Negre and C. Fernández Juncal (eds) Exploring Linguistic Standards in Non-Dominant Varieties of Pluricentric Languages 171–188. Wien: Peter Lang Verlag.
Ghallab, A. (2013) Ta?add? al-huwiyya li-l-?isti?m?r. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka alma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 59–67. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
Jirari, A. (2013) Al-huwiyya al-wa?aniyya wa-l-jihawyya. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka alma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 31–44. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
Jirari, A. (2015): ?aq?fatun? wa-l-?awlamat. ?A??d?? al-?am?s – majallat Ak?d?miyya almamlaka al-ma?ribiyya 32: 19–26.
Jørgensen, N., Karrebæk, M. S., Madsen, L. M. and Moller, J. S. (2011) Polylanguaging in superdiversity. Diversities 13(2): 23–37.
Joseph, J. (1987) Eloquence and Power: The Rise of Language Standards and Standard Languages. London: Frances Pinter.
Khalil, D. (2013) Al-kalima al-tamh?diyya. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya, Alhuwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 25–28. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
López, A. (2016) The renewed debate on Arabic Language in Moroco: The awakening of national language awareness or the recovery of linguistic ‘traumas’ from the past? In F. Moscoso and A. Moustaoui (eds) Identidad y conciencia lingüística: VI congreso de árabe marroquí 143–163. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Mekkaoui, R. N. (2013) Umma wa huwiyya: (al-tanawwu? al-d?n? wal-?irq? wa…: muqawwim?t ?unnà wa ?i?til?f la ?an??ir ?i?til?f. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka alma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 329–395. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
Meskine, D. and de Ruiter, J. J. (2015) Young Moroccans are speaking out: The changing linguistic market of Morocco. Sociolinguistic Studies 9(1): 27–49. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.v9i1.24546.
Mezran, K. (2007) Negotiation and Construction of National Identities. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
Miller, C. (2010) Langues et Média au Maroc dans la première décennie du XXIème siècle: La montée irrésistible de la dârija? Retrieved on 27 August 2015 from: https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00599160/document.
Miller, C. (2013) Evolution des usages linguistiques dans les nouvelles radios marocaines. In M. Benítez Fernández, C. Miller, J. J. de Ruiter and Y. Tamer (eds) Évolution des pratiques et représentations langagières dans le Maroc du XXIe siècle. Volume I 89–118. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Miller, C. (2014) Evolution des pratiques, évolutions des représentations? Petit retour sur le débat autour de la valorisation de la darija au Maroc. Paper presented at the Seminar LACNAD-IREMAM Langues de l’Afrique du Nord (berbère/arabe maghrébin): Statut juridique vs statut réel. Evolutions récentes, là-bas et ici. Retrieved on 11 March 2014 from: https://goo.gl/Il2Ur7.
Ougag, H. (2013) ?as?ila al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?ill ta???r?t al-?awlama al-?aq?fiyya. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 475–490. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
Phillipson, R. (2012) Imperialism and colonialism. In B. Spolsky (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy 203–225. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511979026.013.
Robichaud, D. and de Schutter, H. (2012) Language is just a tool! On the instrumentalist approach to language. In B. Spolsky (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy. Cambrigde 124–145. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511979026.009.
Suleiman, Y. (2003) The Arabic Language and National Identity: A Study in Ideology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Wright, S. (2012) Language policy, the nation and nationalism. In B. Spolsky (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy 59–78. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511979026.006.
Ziamari, K. and Barontini, A. (2013) Ana: Parlez-vous arabe marocain? Quand les series réconcilient avec la darija. In M. Benítez Fernández, C. Miller, J. J. de Ruiter and Y. Tamer (eds) Evolution des pratiques et représentations langagières dans le Maroc du XXIe siècle. Volume I 116–136. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Ziamari, K. and de Ruiter, J. J. (2016) Les langues au Maroc: Réalités, changements et évolutions. In B. Dupret, Z. Rhani, A. Boutaleb and J.-N. Ferrié (eds) Le Maroc au présent d’une époque à l’autre, une société en mutation 441–462. Casablanca et Rabat: Fondation du Roi Abdul-Aziz et Centre Jacques-Berque.
Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco, cf. Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al- ma?ribiyya.
Afulay, E. K. (2008) Formation discursive nationaliste et arabité au Maroc. Asinag 1: 39–61.
Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya (2005) Qa??y? ?isti?m?l al-lu?a al-?arabiyya f? al- Ma?rib. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya (2010) Al-lu?a al-?arabiyya f? al-?i??b al-tašr??? wa-l-?id?r? wa-l-?i?l?m? bi-l-Ma?rib. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
Ak?d?miyyat al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya (2013) Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
Al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya (2011) Dust?r al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya. Retrieved on 17 January 2017 from: http://www.mcrp.gov.ma/Constitution.aspx.
Al-Mujahid, H. (2013) Al-tanawwu? al-lu?aw? wa tars?? al-??bi? al-ta?addud? lil-huwiyya al-?aq?fiyya al-ma?ribiyya. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 281–289. Rabat: Ma?ba?a alma??rif al-jad?da.
Aslan, S. (2015) Nation-Building in Turkey and Morocco: Governing Kurdish and Berber Dissent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Benítez Fernández, M. (2010) La política lingüística contemporánea de Marruecos: De la arabización a la aceptación del multilingüismo. Zaragoza: Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo.
Benítez Fernández, M., de Ruiter, J. J. and Tamer, Y. (2010) Le développement du plurilinguisme: Le cas de la ville d’Agadir. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Benítez Fernández, M., Miller, C., de Ruiter, J. J. and Tamer, Y. (2013) Panorama: Evolution des pratiques et représentations langagières dans le Maroc du vingt-etunième siècle. In M. Benítez Fernández, C. Miller, J. J. de Ruiter and Y. Tamer (eds) Évolution des pratiques et représentations langagières dans le Maroc du XXIe siècle, Volume I 15–59. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Berbich, A. L. (2013) Kalima al-tar??b. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya, Alhuwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 21–23. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
Blommaert, J. (2010) The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511845307.
Blommaert, J. and Backus, A. (2011) Repertoires revisited: ‘Knowing language’ in superdiversity. Working Papers in Urban Language and Literacies 67.
Boukous, A. (1995) Societé, langues et cultures au Maroc. Rabat: Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines.
Caubet, D. (2005) Génération Darija! Estudios de dialectología norteafricana y andalusí 9: 233–243.
Caubet, D. (2010) La ‘nayda’ par ses textes. MLM Magazine Littéraire du Maroc 3–4: 99–105.
Caubet, D. and Miller, C. (2011) Parlers jeunes-entre ‘street language’ et ‘branchitude’. Revue Economia 12: 69–71.
Chakrani, B. (2010) A Sociolinguistic Investigation of Language Attitudes among Youth in Morocco. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved on 31 March 2016 from: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/17043.
Chbihna Mae Laânine, H. (2013) Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya min ?il?l tanawwu? al-?aq?fa wa ?a?r ?alika f? ?istimr?r al-wa?da al-wa?aniyya. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka alma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 425–473. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
El-Merini, A. (2013) Al-lu?a wa-l-huwiyya al-wa?aniyya. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka alma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 151–154. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
El-Moudni, A. (2013) Mad??i li-?ik?ma al-bu?d al-lu?aw? li-l-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 239–255. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
El-Oudghiri, A. (2010) Lu?a al-?i??b al-?i?l?m? bayna al-fu??à wa-l-?ammiya. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya, Al-lu?a al-?arabiyya f? al-?i??b al-tašr??? wa-l-?id?r? wa-l-?i?l?m? bi-l-Ma?rib 211–248. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
El-Oudghiri, A. (2013) Al-ta?addudiyya al-lis?niyya wa-l-mu??laja al-dust?riyya li-lmuškil al-lu?aw? bi-l-ma?rib. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 155–238. Rabat: Ma?ba?a alma??rif al-jad?da.
Gago, L. (2013) Aproximación a las representaciones y actitudes lingüísticas hacia la estandarización y oficialización del árabe marroquí. In R. Muhr, C. Amorós Negre and C. Fernández Juncal (eds) Exploring Linguistic Standards in Non-Dominant Varieties of Pluricentric Languages 171–188. Wien: Peter Lang Verlag.
Ghallab, A. (2013) Ta?add? al-huwiyya li-l-?isti?m?r. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka alma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 59–67. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
Jirari, A. (2013) Al-huwiyya al-wa?aniyya wa-l-jihawyya. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka alma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 31–44. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
Jirari, A. (2015): ?aq?fatun? wa-l-?awlamat. ?A??d?? al-?am?s – majallat Ak?d?miyya almamlaka al-ma?ribiyya 32: 19–26.
Jørgensen, N., Karrebæk, M. S., Madsen, L. M. and Moller, J. S. (2011) Polylanguaging in superdiversity. Diversities 13(2): 23–37.
Joseph, J. (1987) Eloquence and Power: The Rise of Language Standards and Standard Languages. London: Frances Pinter.
Khalil, D. (2013) Al-kalima al-tamh?diyya. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya, Alhuwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 25–28. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
López, A. (2016) The renewed debate on Arabic Language in Moroco: The awakening of national language awareness or the recovery of linguistic ‘traumas’ from the past? In F. Moscoso and A. Moustaoui (eds) Identidad y conciencia lingüística: VI congreso de árabe marroquí 143–163. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Mekkaoui, R. N. (2013) Umma wa huwiyya: (al-tanawwu? al-d?n? wal-?irq? wa…: muqawwim?t ?unnà wa ?i?til?f la ?an??ir ?i?til?f. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka alma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 329–395. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
Meskine, D. and de Ruiter, J. J. (2015) Young Moroccans are speaking out: The changing linguistic market of Morocco. Sociolinguistic Studies 9(1): 27–49. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.v9i1.24546.
Mezran, K. (2007) Negotiation and Construction of National Identities. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
Miller, C. (2010) Langues et Média au Maroc dans la première décennie du XXIème siècle: La montée irrésistible de la dârija? Retrieved on 27 August 2015 from: https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00599160/document.
Miller, C. (2013) Evolution des usages linguistiques dans les nouvelles radios marocaines. In M. Benítez Fernández, C. Miller, J. J. de Ruiter and Y. Tamer (eds) Évolution des pratiques et représentations langagières dans le Maroc du XXIe siècle. Volume I 89–118. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Miller, C. (2014) Evolution des pratiques, évolutions des représentations? Petit retour sur le débat autour de la valorisation de la darija au Maroc. Paper presented at the Seminar LACNAD-IREMAM Langues de l’Afrique du Nord (berbère/arabe maghrébin): Statut juridique vs statut réel. Evolutions récentes, là-bas et ici. Retrieved on 11 March 2014 from: https://goo.gl/Il2Ur7.
Ougag, H. (2013) ?as?ila al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?ill ta???r?t al-?awlama al-?aq?fiyya. In Ak?d?miyya al-mamlaka al-ma?ribiyya, Al-huwiyya al-ma?ribiyya f? ?aw? mu?addid?tih? al-dust?riyya 475–490. Rabat: Ma?ba?a al-ma??rif al-jad?da.
Phillipson, R. (2012) Imperialism and colonialism. In B. Spolsky (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy 203–225. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511979026.013.
Robichaud, D. and de Schutter, H. (2012) Language is just a tool! On the instrumentalist approach to language. In B. Spolsky (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy. Cambrigde 124–145. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511979026.009.
Suleiman, Y. (2003) The Arabic Language and National Identity: A Study in Ideology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Wright, S. (2012) Language policy, the nation and nationalism. In B. Spolsky (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy 59–78. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511979026.006.
Ziamari, K. and Barontini, A. (2013) Ana: Parlez-vous arabe marocain? Quand les series réconcilient avec la darija. In M. Benítez Fernández, C. Miller, J. J. de Ruiter and Y. Tamer (eds) Evolution des pratiques et représentations langagières dans le Maroc du XXIe siècle. Volume I 116–136. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Ziamari, K. and de Ruiter, J. J. (2016) Les langues au Maroc: Réalités, changements et évolutions. In B. Dupret, Z. Rhani, A. Boutaleb and J.-N. Ferrié (eds) Le Maroc au présent d’une époque à l’autre, une société en mutation 441–462. Casablanca et Rabat: Fondation du Roi Abdul-Aziz et Centre Jacques-Berque.
Published
2019-02-26
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Gago Gómez, L. (2019). The stance of the Royal Academy of Morocco towards the sociolinguistic context of the country following the 2011 Constitution. Sociolinguistic Studies, 12(2), 251-272. https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.35576
