The Reversed Global Mobilities of the Islamic State
Issued Date: 18 Jan 2016
Abstract
An estimated 4,000 young Westerners have travelled to Syria and Iraq to join the Islamic State (IS). This paper examines this recent phenomenon by critically reviewing the current mainstream terrorism framework commonly used to understand IS and proposing an alternative model based on globalisation and mobilities theories. The global mobilities (or globilities) framework is applied through a review of recently published academic and non-academic literature on IS. Particular attention is paid to questions of statehood, religion, media and identity and their role in motivating Westerners to move to IS; reversed global flows of religiously motivated people are highlighted. The paper suggests that the global mobilities framework allows consideration of IS as other than just a terrorist organisation, arguing the people joining it could be viewed as migrants rather than simply terrorists and victims. The paper contributes a critical perspective allowing for an alternative understanding of IS and ways of dealing with this phenomenon.
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References
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Anderson, Benedict
2006 Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Verso, London.
Appadurai, Arjun
1990 Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy. Theory, culture and society, 7(2): 295-310.
2006 Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger. Duke University Press, Durham.
Atwan, Abdel Bari
2015 Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate. University of California Press, Oakland
Barber, Benjamin R.
1995 Jihad vs. McWorld. Times Books, New York
Bauman, Zygmunt
2013 Liquid Modernity. Polity Press, Malden.
Beyer, Peter and Lori Beaman (eds)
2007 Religion, Globalization, and Culture. Brill, Boston.
Blackbourn, Michael
2014 ISIS: Terror of Islamic State, Assess Threat in Iraq, Syria and the Globe, Historic Events and Key Individuals. eBook, Kindle.
Blanchard, Christopher, et al.
2015 The Islamic State Crisis and US Policy. Congressional Research Service. Online: http://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R43612.pdf (accessed July 10, 2015).
Bloom, Mia
2014 How the Islamic State is Recruiting Western Teen Girls. The Washington Post (9 October) Online: https://http://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/10/09/how-the-islamic-state-is-recruiting-western-teen-girls (accessed July 8, 2015).
Bouzis, Kathleen
2015 Countering the Islamic State: US Counterterrorism Measures. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 38(10): 1-13. Doi:10.1080/1057610X.2015.1046302
Casanova, José
2011 Public Religions in the Modern World. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
2012 Rethinking Public Religions. In Rethinking Religion and World Affairs, edited by Timothy Samuel Shah, Alfred Stepan and Monica Duffy Toft, 25-35. Oxford University Press, New York
CNN
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Cottee, Simon
2015 Pilgrims to the Islamic State, The Atlantic (24 July) Online: http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/07/isis-foreign-fighters-political-pilgrims/399209 (accessed August 8, 2015).
Cresswell, Tim
2010 Mobilities I: Catching Up. Progress in Human Geography, (5 November): 1-9. doi: 10.1177/0309132510383348.
2012 On the Move: Mobility in the Modern Western World. eBook, Online: http://UWA.eblib.com.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1075056 (accessed August 10, 2015).
Cullen, Simon
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Die Welt
2014 IS Verbot. (12 September) Online: http://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article132170997/Bundesregierung-verbietet-IS-in-Deutschland.html (accessed July 8, 2015).
Durkheim, Emile and Joseph W. Swain
2012 The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. Dover Publications, Mineola.
Farwell, James P.
2014 The Media Strategy of ISIS. Survival, 56(6): 49-55. doi: 10.1080/00396338.2014.985436.
Franz, Barbara
2015 Popjihadism: Why Young European Muslims Are Joining the Islamic State. Mediterranean Quarterly, 26(2): 5-20. doi: 10.1215/10474552-2914484.
Giddens, Anthony
1990 The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Gills, Barry K. and William R. Thompson
2006 Globalizations, Global Histories and Historical Globalities. In Globalization and Global History, edited by Barry K. Gills and William R. Thompson, 1-15. Routledge, New York.
Hall, Benjamin
2015 Inside ISIS: The Brutal Rise of a Terrorist army. Center Street, New York.
Harvey, David
1999 Time-Space Compression and the Postmodern Condition. In Modernity: Critical Concepts, edited by Malcom Waters, 98-118. Routledge, New York.
Held, David and Anthony McGrew
2000 The Great Globalisation Debate: An Introduction. In The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction, edited by David Held and Anthony McGrew, 1-50. Polity Press & Blackwell, Malden.
2007 Globalization/anti-globalization: Beyond the Great Divide. Polity Press, Malden.
Held, David et al.
1999 Global Transformations: Introduction. Polity Press, Cambridge.
Hendrickson, Jocelyn
2013 Hijra. In The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, edited by Bulliet et al. 219-220. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Huntington, Samuel P.
1996 The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Simon & Schuster, New York.
News.com.au
2014 Iraq Suicide Bomber was Australian. (18 July) Online: http://www.news.com.au/world/iraq-suicide-bomber-was-australian-say-isis-fanatics-in-sickening-tribute-to-abu-bakr-al-australi/story-fndir2ev-1226993156419 (accessed August 12, 2014).
ABC News
2014 IS listed. (12 July) Online: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-07-12/islamic-state-outlawed-as-terrorist-organisation-by-government/5592042 (accessed August 10, 2014).
Juergensmeyer, Mark
2003 Global Religions: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Juergensmeyer, Mark, Dinah Griego and John Soboslai
2015 God in the Tumult of the Global Square: Religion in Global Civil Society. University of California Press, Oakland.
Kayani, A. Saima, Qaiser R. Ahmed and Muhammad Shoaib
2015 Regionalization of Political Violence: Arab Levant and Rise of Islamic State. Dialogue (Pakistan), 10(1): 1-20. doi: 103082631.
Khosrokhavar, Farhad
2009 Inside Jihadism: Understanding Jihadi Movements Worldwide: Paradigm Publishers, Boulder.
Labott, Elise
2015 ISIS Breaking New Ground as New Leader in Terror Groups. CNN (20 June) Online: http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/19/politics/isis-report-state-department-terror (accessed July 8, 2015).
Lechner, Frank
2007 Religion. In Encyclopedia of Globalization, edited by Robertson Robert and Jan A. Scholte,1024-1026. Routledge, New York.
Lewis, Rosie
2015 RAAF to Extend Air Strikes to Target Islamic State in Syria. The Australian (9 September) Online: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/terror/raaf-to-extend-air-strikes-to-target-islamic-state-in-syria/story-fnpdbcmu-1227519338316?sv=15af3eee5d3ec89155b958e971303009 (accessed September 12, 2015).
Lister, Charles R.
2015 The Islamic State: A Brief Introduction. Brookings Institution Press, Washington.
Mandhai, Shafik
2014 Muslim Leaders Reject Baghdadi's Caliphate, Aljazeera (07 July) Online: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/muslim-leaders-reject-baghdadi-caliphate-20147744058773906.html (accessed June 10, 2015).
Melvin, Don
2015, July 21). British Prime Minister Calls for Tackling Ideology of Terrorism, CNN (21 July) Online: http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/20/europe/cameron-extremism-speech (accessed August 10, 2015).
Noonan, Michael and Phyl Khalil
2014 North American Foreign Fighters. Journal for Deradicalization, Winter (1): 66-96.
Obama, Barack
2014 Statement by the President on ISIL. The White House (10 September) Online: https://http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/10/statement-president-isil-1 (accessed August 10, 2015).
Olding, Rachel
2015 Counter-terrorism Adviser: Abbott's IS 'death cult' Label is Counter-productive, The Sydney Morning Herald (12 May) Online: http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/counterterrorism-adviser-abbotts-is-death-cult-label-is-counterproductive-20150512-ggyl4i.html (accessed August 11, 2015).
Pazzanese, Christina
2015 State of Terror, Hoover Digest (19 June):18-25. Online: http://www.hoover.org/research/state-terror (accessed August 11, 2015).
Perešin, Anita
2015 Fatal Attraction: Western Muslimas and ISIS. Perspectives on Terrorism, 9(3). Online: http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/427/html (accessed August 11, 2015).
Pieterse, Jan Nederveen
2002 Globalization at War: War on Terrorism. International Journal of Peace Studies, 7(2): 75-93.
Porter, Tom
2015 Isis:10,000 Europeans could be fighting for Islamic State by 2016. International Business Times (9 March) Online: http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-10000-europeans-could-be-fighting-islamic-state-by-2016-warns-french-pm-1491082 (accessed July 12, 2015).
Renan, Ernest
2013 What is a Nation? In Nation and narration, edited by Homi Bhabha, 8-22. Routledge, London.
Ritzer, George
2011 The McDonaldization of Society 6. Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks.
Robertson, Roland
1992 Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. Sage, London.
1995 Glocalization: Time-space and Homogeneity-heterogeneity. In Global Modernities, edited by Mike Featherstone, Scott Lash and Roland Robertson, 25-44. Sage, London.
2003 Antiglobal Religion. In Global Religions: An Introduction, edited by Mark Juergensmeyer, 110-123. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Roy, Olivier
2006 Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah. Columbia University Press, New York.
Scholte, Jan Aart
2005 Globalization: A Critical Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Sheller, Mimi
2014 The New Mobilities Paradigm for a Live Sociology. Current Sociology, 62(6): 789-811. doi: 10.1177/0011392114533211.
Sklair, Leslie
2002 Globalization. Capitalism and its Alternatives. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Stern, Jessica and John M. Berger
2015 ISIS: The State of Terror. HarperCollins, London.
Travis, Alan
2014 Isis Terror Group to be Banned in Britain. The Guardian (17 June) Online: http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jun/16/isis-syrian-terrorist-groups-banned-britain-iraq (accessed Agust 12, 2014).
Trofimov, Yaroslav
2015 Islamic State’s Scariest Success: Attracting Western Newcomers. The Wall Street Journal (26 February) Online: http://www.wsj.com/articles/islamic-states-scariest-success-attracting-western-newcomers-1424932279 (accessed June 12, 2015).
Urry, John
2000 Sociology Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the twenty-first century. Routledge, New York.
Urry, John and Mimi Sheller
2012 The New Mobilities Paradigm. Environment and Planning, 38(2): 207-226. doi: 10.1068/a37268.
Viney, Steven
2015 Islamic State: Experts Call for Strategic Rethink One Year After Declaration of Caliphate. ABC Radio Australia (16 August) Online: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-29/islamic-state-caliphate-one-year-on-experts-weigh-in/6581528 (accessed August 25, 2015).
Wallerstein, Immanuel
1974 The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 16(04): 387-415.
Weaver, Mary Anne
2015 Her Majesty’s Jihadists, The New York Times Magazine (14 April) Online: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/19/magazine/her-majestys-jihadists.html?_r=0 (accessed June 12, 2015).
Weber, Max, David S. Owen, Tracy B. Strong and Rodney Livingstone
2004 The Vocation Lectures. Hackett Publishing, Indianapolis.
Weiss, Michael and Hassan Hassan
2015 ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror. Simon and Schuster, New York.
Wilson, Lauren
2015 The Rapid Evolution of the ISIS Death Cult. News.com.au (29 March) Online: http://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/the-rapid-evolution-of-the-isis-death-cult/story-fnh81ifq-1227282588525 (accessed June 12, 2015).
Wood, Graeme
2015 What ISIS Really Wants. The Atlantic (March) Online: http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980 (accessed June 12, 2015).
Zammit, Andrew
2015 Australian Foreign Fighters: Risks and Responses. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism (April) Online: http://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/australian-foreign-fighters-risks-and-responses.pdf (accessed June 12, 2015).
Zelin, Aaron Y.
2014 The War Between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 20(June): 1-11. Online: http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/ResearchNote_20_Zelin.pdf (accessed June 14, 2015).
2015 Picture Or It Didn’t Happen: A Snapshot of the Islamic State’s Official Media Output. Perspectives on Terrorism, 9(4) Online: http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/445/html (accessed August 15, 2015).
2014 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Calls. (02 July) Online: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/abu-bakr-albaghdadi-calls-on-worlds-muslims-to-build-islamic-state/story-e6frg6so-1226974641854 (accessed August 2, 2014).
Akerman, Pia, Paul Maley and Mark Schliebs
2014 Second Aussie in Suicide Attack, The Australian (26 July): 10.
Alfred, Charlotte
2015 How Many Americans Have Traveled to Syria to Join ISIS? The Huffington Post (22 February) Online: http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2015/02/25/american-foreign-fighters-isis_n_6753854.html?ir=Australia (accessed July 10, 2015).
Anderson, Benedict
2006 Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Verso, London.
Appadurai, Arjun
1990 Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy. Theory, culture and society, 7(2): 295-310.
2006 Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger. Duke University Press, Durham.
Atwan, Abdel Bari
2015 Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate. University of California Press, Oakland
Barber, Benjamin R.
1995 Jihad vs. McWorld. Times Books, New York
Bauman, Zygmunt
2013 Liquid Modernity. Polity Press, Malden.
Beyer, Peter and Lori Beaman (eds)
2007 Religion, Globalization, and Culture. Brill, Boston.
Blackbourn, Michael
2014 ISIS: Terror of Islamic State, Assess Threat in Iraq, Syria and the Globe, Historic Events and Key Individuals. eBook, Kindle.
Blanchard, Christopher, et al.
2015 The Islamic State Crisis and US Policy. Congressional Research Service. Online: http://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R43612.pdf (accessed July 10, 2015).
Bloom, Mia
2014 How the Islamic State is Recruiting Western Teen Girls. The Washington Post (9 October) Online: https://http://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/10/09/how-the-islamic-state-is-recruiting-western-teen-girls (accessed July 8, 2015).
Bouzis, Kathleen
2015 Countering the Islamic State: US Counterterrorism Measures. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 38(10): 1-13. Doi:10.1080/1057610X.2015.1046302
Casanova, José
2011 Public Religions in the Modern World. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
2012 Rethinking Public Religions. In Rethinking Religion and World Affairs, edited by Timothy Samuel Shah, Alfred Stepan and Monica Duffy Toft, 25-35. Oxford University Press, New York
CNN
2011 Bush Says. (6 November). Online: http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/11/06/ret.bush.coalition/index.html (accessed July 8, 2015).
Cottee, Simon
2015 Pilgrims to the Islamic State, The Atlantic (24 July) Online: http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/07/isis-foreign-fighters-political-pilgrims/399209 (accessed August 8, 2015).
Cresswell, Tim
2010 Mobilities I: Catching Up. Progress in Human Geography, (5 November): 1-9. doi: 10.1177/0309132510383348.
2012 On the Move: Mobility in the Modern Western World. eBook, Online: http://UWA.eblib.com.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1075056 (accessed August 10, 2015).
Cullen, Simon
2014 Australian Suicide Bomber in Iraq was an 18-year-old Man from Melbourne, ABC News (21 July) Online: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-07-21/australian-suicide-bomber-was-an-18-year-old-from-melbourne/5610612 (accessed August 12, 2014).
Die Welt
2014 IS Verbot. (12 September) Online: http://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article132170997/Bundesregierung-verbietet-IS-in-Deutschland.html (accessed July 8, 2015).
Durkheim, Emile and Joseph W. Swain
2012 The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. Dover Publications, Mineola.
Farwell, James P.
2014 The Media Strategy of ISIS. Survival, 56(6): 49-55. doi: 10.1080/00396338.2014.985436.
Franz, Barbara
2015 Popjihadism: Why Young European Muslims Are Joining the Islamic State. Mediterranean Quarterly, 26(2): 5-20. doi: 10.1215/10474552-2914484.
Giddens, Anthony
1990 The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Gills, Barry K. and William R. Thompson
2006 Globalizations, Global Histories and Historical Globalities. In Globalization and Global History, edited by Barry K. Gills and William R. Thompson, 1-15. Routledge, New York.
Hall, Benjamin
2015 Inside ISIS: The Brutal Rise of a Terrorist army. Center Street, New York.
Harvey, David
1999 Time-Space Compression and the Postmodern Condition. In Modernity: Critical Concepts, edited by Malcom Waters, 98-118. Routledge, New York.
Held, David and Anthony McGrew
2000 The Great Globalisation Debate: An Introduction. In The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction, edited by David Held and Anthony McGrew, 1-50. Polity Press & Blackwell, Malden.
2007 Globalization/anti-globalization: Beyond the Great Divide. Polity Press, Malden.
Held, David et al.
1999 Global Transformations: Introduction. Polity Press, Cambridge.
Hendrickson, Jocelyn
2013 Hijra. In The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, edited by Bulliet et al. 219-220. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Huntington, Samuel P.
1996 The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Simon & Schuster, New York.
News.com.au
2014 Iraq Suicide Bomber was Australian. (18 July) Online: http://www.news.com.au/world/iraq-suicide-bomber-was-australian-say-isis-fanatics-in-sickening-tribute-to-abu-bakr-al-australi/story-fndir2ev-1226993156419 (accessed August 12, 2014).
ABC News
2014 IS listed. (12 July) Online: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-07-12/islamic-state-outlawed-as-terrorist-organisation-by-government/5592042 (accessed August 10, 2014).
Juergensmeyer, Mark
2003 Global Religions: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Juergensmeyer, Mark, Dinah Griego and John Soboslai
2015 God in the Tumult of the Global Square: Religion in Global Civil Society. University of California Press, Oakland.
Kayani, A. Saima, Qaiser R. Ahmed and Muhammad Shoaib
2015 Regionalization of Political Violence: Arab Levant and Rise of Islamic State. Dialogue (Pakistan), 10(1): 1-20. doi: 103082631.
Khosrokhavar, Farhad
2009 Inside Jihadism: Understanding Jihadi Movements Worldwide: Paradigm Publishers, Boulder.
Labott, Elise
2015 ISIS Breaking New Ground as New Leader in Terror Groups. CNN (20 June) Online: http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/19/politics/isis-report-state-department-terror (accessed July 8, 2015).
Lechner, Frank
2007 Religion. In Encyclopedia of Globalization, edited by Robertson Robert and Jan A. Scholte,1024-1026. Routledge, New York.
Lewis, Rosie
2015 RAAF to Extend Air Strikes to Target Islamic State in Syria. The Australian (9 September) Online: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/terror/raaf-to-extend-air-strikes-to-target-islamic-state-in-syria/story-fnpdbcmu-1227519338316?sv=15af3eee5d3ec89155b958e971303009 (accessed September 12, 2015).
Lister, Charles R.
2015 The Islamic State: A Brief Introduction. Brookings Institution Press, Washington.
Mandhai, Shafik
2014 Muslim Leaders Reject Baghdadi's Caliphate, Aljazeera (07 July) Online: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/muslim-leaders-reject-baghdadi-caliphate-20147744058773906.html (accessed June 10, 2015).
Melvin, Don
2015, July 21). British Prime Minister Calls for Tackling Ideology of Terrorism, CNN (21 July) Online: http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/20/europe/cameron-extremism-speech (accessed August 10, 2015).
Noonan, Michael and Phyl Khalil
2014 North American Foreign Fighters. Journal for Deradicalization, Winter (1): 66-96.
Obama, Barack
2014 Statement by the President on ISIL. The White House (10 September) Online: https://http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/10/statement-president-isil-1 (accessed August 10, 2015).
Olding, Rachel
2015 Counter-terrorism Adviser: Abbott's IS 'death cult' Label is Counter-productive, The Sydney Morning Herald (12 May) Online: http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/counterterrorism-adviser-abbotts-is-death-cult-label-is-counterproductive-20150512-ggyl4i.html (accessed August 11, 2015).
Pazzanese, Christina
2015 State of Terror, Hoover Digest (19 June):18-25. Online: http://www.hoover.org/research/state-terror (accessed August 11, 2015).
Perešin, Anita
2015 Fatal Attraction: Western Muslimas and ISIS. Perspectives on Terrorism, 9(3). Online: http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/427/html (accessed August 11, 2015).
Pieterse, Jan Nederveen
2002 Globalization at War: War on Terrorism. International Journal of Peace Studies, 7(2): 75-93.
Porter, Tom
2015 Isis:10,000 Europeans could be fighting for Islamic State by 2016. International Business Times (9 March) Online: http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-10000-europeans-could-be-fighting-islamic-state-by-2016-warns-french-pm-1491082 (accessed July 12, 2015).
Renan, Ernest
2013 What is a Nation? In Nation and narration, edited by Homi Bhabha, 8-22. Routledge, London.
Ritzer, George
2011 The McDonaldization of Society 6. Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks.
Robertson, Roland
1992 Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. Sage, London.
1995 Glocalization: Time-space and Homogeneity-heterogeneity. In Global Modernities, edited by Mike Featherstone, Scott Lash and Roland Robertson, 25-44. Sage, London.
2003 Antiglobal Religion. In Global Religions: An Introduction, edited by Mark Juergensmeyer, 110-123. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Roy, Olivier
2006 Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah. Columbia University Press, New York.
Scholte, Jan Aart
2005 Globalization: A Critical Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Sheller, Mimi
2014 The New Mobilities Paradigm for a Live Sociology. Current Sociology, 62(6): 789-811. doi: 10.1177/0011392114533211.
Sklair, Leslie
2002 Globalization. Capitalism and its Alternatives. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Stern, Jessica and John M. Berger
2015 ISIS: The State of Terror. HarperCollins, London.
Travis, Alan
2014 Isis Terror Group to be Banned in Britain. The Guardian (17 June) Online: http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jun/16/isis-syrian-terrorist-groups-banned-britain-iraq (accessed Agust 12, 2014).
Trofimov, Yaroslav
2015 Islamic State’s Scariest Success: Attracting Western Newcomers. The Wall Street Journal (26 February) Online: http://www.wsj.com/articles/islamic-states-scariest-success-attracting-western-newcomers-1424932279 (accessed June 12, 2015).
Urry, John
2000 Sociology Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the twenty-first century. Routledge, New York.
Urry, John and Mimi Sheller
2012 The New Mobilities Paradigm. Environment and Planning, 38(2): 207-226. doi: 10.1068/a37268.
Viney, Steven
2015 Islamic State: Experts Call for Strategic Rethink One Year After Declaration of Caliphate. ABC Radio Australia (16 August) Online: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-29/islamic-state-caliphate-one-year-on-experts-weigh-in/6581528 (accessed August 25, 2015).
Wallerstein, Immanuel
1974 The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 16(04): 387-415.
Weaver, Mary Anne
2015 Her Majesty’s Jihadists, The New York Times Magazine (14 April) Online: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/19/magazine/her-majestys-jihadists.html?_r=0 (accessed June 12, 2015).
Weber, Max, David S. Owen, Tracy B. Strong and Rodney Livingstone
2004 The Vocation Lectures. Hackett Publishing, Indianapolis.
Weiss, Michael and Hassan Hassan
2015 ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror. Simon and Schuster, New York.
Wilson, Lauren
2015 The Rapid Evolution of the ISIS Death Cult. News.com.au (29 March) Online: http://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/the-rapid-evolution-of-the-isis-death-cult/story-fnh81ifq-1227282588525 (accessed June 12, 2015).
Wood, Graeme
2015 What ISIS Really Wants. The Atlantic (March) Online: http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980 (accessed June 12, 2015).
Zammit, Andrew
2015 Australian Foreign Fighters: Risks and Responses. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism (April) Online: http://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/australian-foreign-fighters-risks-and-responses.pdf (accessed June 12, 2015).
Zelin, Aaron Y.
2014 The War Between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 20(June): 1-11. Online: http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/ResearchNote_20_Zelin.pdf (accessed June 14, 2015).
2015 Picture Or It Didn’t Happen: A Snapshot of the Islamic State’s Official Media Output. Perspectives on Terrorism, 9(4) Online: http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/445/html (accessed August 15, 2015).
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