On the need for a new understanding of language and its development
Issued Date: 14 Sep 2015
Abstract
Applied linguists have quite naturally turned to linguists’ theories for their conceptions of language. Until recently, dominant theories in linguistics have encouraged applied linguists to view language as an abstract, static system. However, static views of language are not especially helpful when it comes to language teaching, language acquisition and other areas that applied linguists study. An alternative view, one inspired by Chaos/Complexity Theory (C/CT), sees the language resources of speakers as a dynamic network of language-using patterns – emergent, mutable and self-organizing – and their development within language learners not as an act of conformity, but rather as continuing dynamic adaptedness to a specific context. C/CT is centrally concerned with describing the mutual constitution of a system and its development, thus overcoming the dualistic thinking that is fostered by considering language apart from its access or use. It also counters the tendency to portray learner language as being an incomplete and deficient version of native speaker language. Finally, it addresses the ‘inert knowledge problem’, which results when language is taught as a system of fixed rules. There are a number of new theories that are much more compatible with a C/CT way of viewing language, and applied linguists would do well to consider them.
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References
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applied linguistics. Introduction to the special issue. Applied Linguistics 27 (4): 558–589.
doi:10.1093/applin/aml028
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MA: MIT Press.
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doi:10.1111/1467-7687.00297
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677–758.
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MA: MIT Press.
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Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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(ed.) Linguistics in Context: Connecting Observation and Understanding 117–134.
Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
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Language 155–176. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
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acquisition of second-language knowledge. Second Language Research 18 (2): 191–221.
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to Natural Language Processing, Speech Recognition, and Computational Linguistics.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
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Dynamics: Discourses, Procedures and Evolution 212–237. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
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MA: MIT Press.
Kramsch, C. (ed.). (2002) Language Acquisition and Language Socialization. Ecological
Perspectives. London: Continuum.
Langacker, R. (2000) A dynamic usage-based model. In M. Barlow and S. Kemmer (eds)
Usage Based Models of Language 1–64. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
Lantolf, J. and Pavlenko, A. (1995) Sociocultural theory and second language acquisition.
Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 15: 108–124. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (1975) The Acquisition of English Grammatical Morphemes by Adult
Learners of English as a Second Language. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (1997) Chaos/Complexity science and second language acquisition.
Applied Linguistics 18 (2): 141–165. doi:10.1093/applin/18.2.141
Larsen-Freeman, D. (1998) On the scope of second language acquisition research. Language
Learning 48 (4): 551–556. doi:10.1111/0023-8333.00058
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2000) Second language acquisition and applied linguistics. Annual
Review of Applied Linguistics 20: 165–181.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2002a) Making sense of frequency. Studies in Second Language
Acquisition 24 (2): 275–285. doi:10.1017/S0272263102002127
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2002b) Language acquisition and language use from a chaos/
complexity theory perspective. In C. Kramsch (ed.) Language Acquisition and Language
Socialization. Ecological Perspectives 33–46. London: Continuum.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2003a) Teaching Language: From Grammar to Grammaring. Boston,
MA: Thomson/Heinle.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2003b) The changing conception of language and its implications for
language education and research. In B. Bartlett, F. Bryer and D. Roebuck (eds) Reimagining
Practice: Researching Change 61–71. Volume One. Brisbane: Griffith University.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2006a) Second language acquisition and the issue of fossilization: There
is no end, and there is no state. In Z-H. Han and T. Odlin (eds) Studies of Fossilization in
Second Language Acquisition 189–200. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2006b) The emergence of complexity, fluency, and accuracy in the
oral and written production of five Chinese learners of English. Applied Linguistics 27 (4):
590–619. doi:10.1093/applin/aml029
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2007) Reflecting on the cognitive-social debate in second language
acquisition. Modern Language Journal 91 (5), Focus Issue: 773–787.
Larsen-Freeman, D. and Cameron, L. (2008a) Complex Systems and Applied Linguistics.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Larsen-Freeman, D. and Cameron, L. (2008b) Research methodology on language development
from a complex systems perspective. Modern Language Journal 92 (2): 200–213.
doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00714.x
Leather, J. (2002) Modeling the acquisition of speech in a multilingual society: An ecological
approach. In C. Kramsch (ed.) Language Acquisition and Language Socialization. Ecological
Perspectives 47–67. London: Continuum.
Leather, J. and van Dam, J. (eds) (2003) Ecology of Language Acquisition. Dordrecht: Kluwer
Academic Publishers.
Lee, N. and Schumann, J. (2003) The evolution of language and of the symbolosphere as
complex adaptive systems. Paper presented at the American Association of Applied
Linguistics Conference, Arlington, VA, 22–25 March.
Lemke, J. (2002) Language development and identity: Multiple timescales in the social
ecology of learning. In C. Kramsch (ed.) Language Acquisition and Language Socialization.
Ecological Perspectives 68–87. London: Continuum.
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